Classification and evolution Module 4

Question 1

What is classification?

Answer 1

The act of arranging organisms into groups, based on their similarities, and differences

Question 2

What’s taxonomy?

Answer 2

The study of classification

Question 3

What are the 8 taxonomic groups?

Answer 3

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species

Donkey Kong Pulls Cock Out For Gorilla Sex

Question 4

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 4

Prokaryotae 
Proctoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Question 5

Example and features of prokaryotae?

Answer 5

Bacteria

Prokaryotic
Unicellular
No nucleus
Less than 5um

Question 6

Example and features of proctista?

Answer 6

Algae, protozoa

Eukaryotic cells
Live in water
Single celled, or simple multicelled

Question 7

Example and features of fungi?

Answer 7

Moulds, yeast

Eukaryotic
Chitin cell wall
Sapratrophic (absorb substances from dead or decaying organisms)
Single or multicelled

Question 8

Example and features of plantae?

Answer 8

Any plant

Eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls made of cellulose, can photosynthesise, contain chlorophyll, autotrophic (produce their own food)/ photoautotrophs (using light)

Question 9

Example and features of animalia?

Answer 9

Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic consume plants and animals

Question 10

Describe the binomial naming system?

Answer 10

The first part of the name is the genus name and has a capital letter
The second part of the name is the species name and begins with a lower case letter

Will be in italics, or underline it all

Question 11

What is phylogeny?

Answer 11

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms- shown by phylogeny trees

Question 12

According to phylogentics, what is a species?

Answer 12

Smallest group that shares a common ancestor = the end of a branch on a phylogenetic tree

Question 13

What evidence are classification systems based on?

Answer 13

Observable features - may not be reliable
Molecular evidence - the similarities and differences in protein and DNA
Embryological evidence - Similarities in the early stages of an organisms development
Anatomical evidence - The similarities and function of different body parts
Behavioural evidence

Question 14

What system replaced the 5 kingdom system, and explain it?

Answer 14

The 3 domain system,
Bacteria - Some prokaryotae
Archaea- Some prokaryotae
Eukarya - fungi, protoctisa, Animalia, plantae

Question 15

What evidence made the 3 domain system come into place?

Answer 15

Molecular evidence - The enzyme RNA polymerase is different in Bacteria and Archea. Archae but not bacteria have similar histones to Eukarya

Cell membrane evidence - The bonds of the lipids in the cell membranes of bacteria and Archae are different. The development and composistion of flagellae are also different

Question 16

What’s intraspecific variation?

Answer 16

Variation within a species

Question 17

What’s interspecific variation?

Answer 17

Variation between different species

Question 18

What’s continuous variation?

Answer 18

When individuals within a population vary within a range, eg height

Question 19

What’s discontinuous variation?

Answer 19

When there are 2 or more distinct group catergories each individual falls in, eg.blood group A, B, AB ,O

Question 20

What causes variation?

Answer 20

Genetic factors and environmental factors

Question 21

Describe how genetic factors cause variation?

Answer 21

Different species have different genes

Individuals of the same species have the same genes, but different versions of them (alleles)

The genes and alleles of an organisms makes up it’s genotype

The differences in genotype, result in variation of phenotype- the characteristic displayed by an organisms

You inherit genes from parents, this means variation caused by genetic factors is inherited

Question 22

What’s the formula for standard deviation?

Answer 22

s^2 = All values added up of ((New x value - the mean)^2)/(n-1)

s = the square root of that

Question 23

What does an organism being well adapted mean?

Answer 23

Has features that increase it’s chance of surviving, and reproducing, and therefore the chances of it’s offspring reproducing

Question 24

3 types of adaptations?

Answer 24

Behavioural adaptations
Physiological adaptations - processes inside an organisms body
Anatomical (structural) adaptations

Question 25

Why may different taxomic groups have similar features?

Answer 25

Because they have evolved to survive in similar environments

Question 26

Features of Marsupial mammals eg kangaroos?

Answer 26

Short gestation period (pregnancy)
Don’t develop a full placenta
Are born early in their development, and climb into their mother’s pouch. Here they become attached to a teat and receive milk whilst they continue to develop

Question 27

Features of placental mammals eg humans?

Answer 27

Have a longer gestation period
Develop a placenta during pregnancy, which allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the fetus and mother
Are born more fully developed

Question 28

Similar anatomical features of marsupial moles and placental moles, even though aren’t closely related but have lived in similar environments?

Answer 28

Small/no eyes as don’t need to see underground
No external ears
Scoop shaped and sharp claws for digging
Tube shaped body and cone shaped head for pushing through soil or sand

Question 29

Steps of theory of evolution?

Answer 29

Individuals within a population show variation in their phenotypes, caused by genetic mutations (random change in the DNA sequence) that create different alleles

Selection pressures (environmental factors such as predation, disease, competition) create a struggle for survival

Individuals with better adaptations are more likely to survive and have reproductive sucess - and pass on their advantagous adaptations to their offspring

Over time the proportion of the population possesing the advantageous adaptations increases

Over generations this leads to evolution

Question 30

3 things that show evidence of evolution?

Answer 30

Fossil records
DNA evidence
Molecular evidence