Classification and evolution Module 4 Flashcards
What is classification?
The act of arranging organisms into groups, based on their similarities, and differences
What’s taxonomy?
The study of classification
What are the 8 taxonomic groups?
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Donkey Kong Pulls Cock Out For Gorilla Sex
What are the 5 kingdoms?
Prokaryotae Proctoctista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Example and features of prokaryotae?
Bacteria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
No nucleus
Less than 5um
Example and features of proctista?
Algae, protozoa
Eukaryotic cells
Live in water
Single celled, or simple multicelled
Example and features of fungi?
Moulds, yeast
Eukaryotic
Chitin cell wall
Sapratrophic (absorb substances from dead or decaying organisms)
Single or multicelled
Example and features of plantae?
Any plant
Eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls made of cellulose, can photosynthesise, contain chlorophyll, autotrophic (produce their own food)/ photoautotrophs (using light)
Example and features of animalia?
Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic consume plants and animals
Describe the binomial naming system?
The first part of the name is the genus name and has a capital letter
The second part of the name is the species name and begins with a lower case letter
Will be in italics, or underline it all
What is phylogeny?
The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms- shown by phylogeny trees
According to phylogentics, what is a species?
Smallest group that shares a common ancestor = the end of a branch on a phylogenetic tree
What evidence are classification systems based on?
Observable features - may not be reliable
Molecular evidence - the similarities and differences in protein and DNA
Embryological evidence - Similarities in the early stages of an organisms development
Anatomical evidence - The similarities and function of different body parts
Behavioural evidence
What system replaced the 5 kingdom system, and explain it?
The 3 domain system,
Bacteria - Some prokaryotae
Archaea- Some prokaryotae
Eukarya - fungi, protoctisa, Animalia, plantae
What evidence made the 3 domain system come into place?
Molecular evidence - The enzyme RNA polymerase is different in Bacteria and Archea. Archae but not bacteria have similar histones to Eukarya
Cell membrane evidence - The bonds of the lipids in the cell membranes of bacteria and Archae are different. The development and composistion of flagellae are also different
What’s intraspecific variation?
Variation within a species
What’s interspecific variation?
Variation between different species
What’s continuous variation?
When individuals within a population vary within a range, eg height
What’s discontinuous variation?
When there are 2 or more distinct group catergories each individual falls in, eg.blood group A, B, AB ,O
What causes variation?
Genetic factors and environmental factors
Describe how genetic factors cause variation?
Different species have different genes
Individuals of the same species have the same genes, but different versions of them (alleles)
The genes and alleles of an organisms makes up it’s genotype
The differences in genotype, result in variation of phenotype- the characteristic displayed by an organisms
You inherit genes from parents, this means variation caused by genetic factors is inherited
What’s the formula for standard deviation?
s^2 = All values added up of ((New x value - the mean)^2)/(n-1)
s = the square root of that
What does an organism being well adapted mean?
Has features that increase it’s chance of surviving, and reproducing, and therefore the chances of it’s offspring reproducing
3 types of adaptations?
Behavioural adaptations
Physiological adaptations - processes inside an organisms body
Anatomical (structural) adaptations
Why may different taxomic groups have similar features?
Because they have evolved to survive in similar environments
Features of Marsupial mammals eg kangaroos?
Short gestation period (pregnancy)
Don’t develop a full placenta
Are born early in their development, and climb into their mother’s pouch. Here they become attached to a teat and receive milk whilst they continue to develop
Features of placental mammals eg humans?
Have a longer gestation period
Develop a placenta during pregnancy, which allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the fetus and mother
Are born more fully developed
Similar anatomical features of marsupial moles and placental moles, even though aren’t closely related but have lived in similar environments?
Small/no eyes as don’t need to see underground
No external ears
Scoop shaped and sharp claws for digging
Tube shaped body and cone shaped head for pushing through soil or sand
Steps of theory of evolution?
Individuals within a population show variation in their phenotypes, caused by genetic mutations (random change in the DNA sequence) that create different alleles
Selection pressures (environmental factors such as predation, disease, competition) create a struggle for survival
Individuals with better adaptations are more likely to survive and have reproductive sucess - and pass on their advantagous adaptations to their offspring
Over time the proportion of the population possesing the advantageous adaptations increases
Over generations this leads to evolution
3 things that show evidence of evolution?
Fossil records
DNA evidence
Molecular evidence
