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Biology final > Cell structure Module 2 > Flashcards

Cell structure Module 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Table for magnification and resolution of all 3 microscopes?

A

Maximum Resolution:

Light = 0.2 um (not 3D)

TEM = 0.0002 um (not 3D)

SEM = 0.002 um (3D)

Maximum magnification:

Light = x1500

TEM = x1,000,000

SEM = x500,000

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2
Q

What are prokaryotic organisms?

A

They are just one prokaryotic cell ( single cellular) Eg. bacteria

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3
Q

What are Eukaryotic organisms?

A

Made up of many eukaryotic cells (multi cellular) Eg. plants and animals

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4
Q

Differences between a plant and animal cell?

A

Plant has all organelles in an animal cell plus: Cell wall with plasmodesmata Vacuole Chloroplasts

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5
Q

Description and function of plasma (cell surface) membrane?

A

Found on surface of animal cells, and inside cell wall of plant cells and prokaryotic cells. Made up mainly of lipids and protein Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell Has receptor molecules that allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

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6
Q

Description and function of cell wall?

A

Rigid structure that surrounds plant cells it’s mainly made of cellulose Supports plant cells

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7
Q

Description and function of the nucleus?

A

A large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) which contains many pores Contains chromatin (made up from DNA and proteins), and a structure called the nucleolus Controls the cells activities by controlling the transcription of DNA DNA contains instructions to make proteins The pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasum The nucleolus makes ribosomes

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8
Q

Description and function of lysosomes?

A

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane Contains digestive enzymes which are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane Used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell

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9
Q

Description and function of a ribosome?

A

Very small organelle which either floats free in the cytoplasm, or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum Site where proteins are made

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10
Q

Description and function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A system of membranes covered with ribosomes Folds and processes proteins which have been made at the ribosomes

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11
Q

Description and function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Similar to RER except no ribosomes Synthesises and processes lipids

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12
Q

Description and function of a vesicle?

A

Small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane Transports substances in and out of the cell

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13
Q

Description and function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs Processes and packages new lipids and proteins Also makes lysosomes

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14
Q

Description and function of a mitochondrion?

A

Have a double membrane Inner one is folded to form cristae Inside is the matrix which contains enzmyes for respiration Site of aerobic respiration and where ATP is produced

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15
Q

Description and function of a choroplast?

A

Surrounded by a double membrane, and has membranes inside thylakoid membranes, which stack into grana Grana are linked together by lamellae Site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

Description and function of centrioles?

A

Small hollow cyclinders made of microtubules Involved in seperation of chromosomes

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17
Q

Description and function of Cilia?

A

Hair like substances found on the surface membrane of some animal cells Cross section has a ring of 9 pairs of protein microtubules inside with a pair in the middle aswell Allows movements of substances on the cell surface

18
Q

Description and function of a flagellum?

A

Like Cilia except longer Propels cells

19
Q

How are organelles involved in protein production?

A

Proteins are made at the ribosomes The Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum make proteins that are excreted or attached to the cell membrane New proteins produced at the rough endoplasmic reticulum are folded and processed (sugar chains added) by the rough endoplasmic reticulum Then they are transported from the rough ER to the golgi apparatus in vesicles At the golgi apparatus the proteins undergo further processing Proteins enter more vesicles and are secreted out of the cell

20
Q

What is the cytoskeleton of a cell?

A

Network of protein threads running through a cell, arranged as microfilaments (small solid strands) and microtubules (tiny protein cylinders)

21
Q

4 Main functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

The microtubules and microfilaments support the cell’s organelles, keeping them in position. Helps strengthen the cell and maintain it’s shape Responsible for movement of materials within the cell, eg. chromosomes when they separate during cell division, relies on contraction of microtubules in the spindle Can cause the cell to move, eg in cillia or flagellum

22
Q

How does a prokaryote’s cell size comapare to a eukaryote’ss cell size?

A

prokaryote’s cell size is very small (less than 2 um diameter Eukaryotes much larger, (10-100 um)

23
Q

What’s the DNA like in a prokaryote’s cell compared to a eukrayotes cell?

A

prokaryote’s cell DNA is circular, whilst a eukaryotes is linear

24
Q

Where is the DNA found in a prokaryote’s cell compared to a eukaryotes cell?

A

In a prokaryote’s cell there is no nucleus, so DNA is free in the cytoplasm Whereas in a eukaryote, nucleus is present so it’s found within the nucleus

25
Q

What’s the cell wall in prokaryote’s cell like compared to a eukaryotes cell?

A

In a prokaryote’s cell it’s made of a polysaccharide, but not cellulose or chitin No cell wall in animal cells, cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi

26
Q

How do the amount and type of organelles in a prokaryote’s cell compare to a eukaryotes cell?

A

In a prokaryote’s cell very few organelles and none are membrane bound In a eukaryotes cell, many membrane bound organelles present

27
Q

How do the ribosomes differ in a prokaryote’s cell compared to a eukaryotes cell?

A

Small ribosomes in a prokaryote’s cell, and larger ribsomes in a eukaryotic cell

28
Q

Structure of a bacterial cell?

A

Flagellum to propel cell DNA (bacterial chromosome) Plasmid (ring of DNA) Plasma membrane Cell wall Ribosomes

29
Q

Magnification definition and formula?

A

How much bigger the image is than the specimen Magnification = image size / object size

30
Q

Resolution definition?

A

How well a microscope can distinguish between 2 points that are really close to each other

31
Q

How to convert between mm, um and nm?

A

mm = 1m x 10^-3 um= 1m x 10^-6 nm= 1m x 10^-9

32
Q

Features of a light microscope?

A

Uses light Have lower resolution that electron microscopes (0.2um) Maximum magnification of a light microscope is x1500

33
Q

Features of a scanning confocal microscope?

A

Use laser beams on a specimen tagged with fluorescent dye Laser causes dye to fluoresce, which is directed through a pinhole onto a detector connected to a computer which can produce a 3D image Pinhole creates a clearer image, as all out of focus light is blocked Can look at specimens at different depths

34
Q

Features of a transmission electron microscope?

A

Uses electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons which is transmitted through the specimen, in which denser parts of the specimen absborb more electrons, which then appear darker in the image Only work on thin specimens Resolution of 0.0002 um Magnification of more than 1,000,000

35
Q

Features of a scanning electron microscope?

A

Scans a beam of electrons across the specimen, knocking electrons off, which are collected in a cathode ray tube to form an image. Image can be 3D Resolution 0.002 um Magnification x 500,000

36
Q

Using a light microscope, how do prevent the problem of the sample being transparent so the electrons pass straight through?

A

Can stain the sample, different parts take more up than others the contrast makes different parts show up

37
Q

How do you stain samples for an electron microscope?

A

Objects are dipped into a solution of heavy metal, the metal ions scatter the electrons creating contrast again

38
Q

How do you prepare a dry mount?

A

Use tweezers to put specimen on a slide, and put a cover slip on top

39
Q

How do you prepare a wet mount?

A

Pipette a small drop of water onto the slide, use tweezers to put your specimen on top of water drop Put a cover slip on avoiding air bubbles Add a stain to one side of your specimen and put paper towel opposite side to draw it in

40
Q

How do you find the value of each eye piece unit of an eyepiece graticule?

A

Use a stage micrometer, to measure what eyepiece unit is worth, need to re calibrate for different magnifications

Biology final (28 decks)

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