Classification and Evolution Flashcards
Order of classification
Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species
How the binomial naming system works
First word is the genus
Advantages of the binomial naming system and classification as a whole
Differences in names between languages
Features used to classify Prokaryotae
Unicellular
Features used to classify Protoctista
Unicellular
Features used to classify Fungi
Unicellular or multicellular
Name for the body of a Fungus
Mycelium
Features used to classify Plantae
Multicellular
Features used to classify Animalia
Multicellular
Names of the 5 kingdoms
Prokaryotae
What was originally used for classification?
Similarities in observable features
Number of kingdoms
5
Sources of evidence that has been used for new classification systems
DNA sequencing
Evidence that was used for the three domain system
rRNA sequences
What does the similarity in haemoglobin structure show?
Common ancestry between primate groups
How did rRNA sequences provide evidence for the three domain system?
Organisms in the different domains have different forms of rRNA
How did the membrane lipid structure provide evidence for the three domain system?
Organisms in the different domains have different lipids in their membranes
Three domains
Archaea
How to identify Eukarya
80s ribosomes
How to identify Archaea
70s ribosomes
How to identify bacteria
70s ribosomes
Six kingdoms in the three domain system
Eubacteria
Why is the kingdom of Eubacteria separated from that of Archaebacteria?
Eubacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and archaebacteria don’t
Examples of Archaebacteria
Methanogens
Examples of Eubacteria
Most bacteria
Differences between the domain and kingdom classification systems
3 domains
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
Relationship between phylogeny and classification
Phylogeny used to confirm that the classification groups are correct
Advantages of phylogenetic classification
Not forced to put organisms into specific groups
Contribution of Darwin in formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection
Realised that evolution is a slow process
Evidence provided by finches for natural selection
Shape of finch beak was linked to the food that was available
Evidence provided by tortoise shells for natural selection
Tortoise shells sent back from different Galapagos Islands were of different subspecies
Contribution of Wallace in formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection
Came up with a similar idea to Darwin
Evidence provided by mimicry for natural selection
Caterpillar larvae have bright colours to stop them from being eaten
Evidence provided by biogeography for natural selection
Mountain ranges with similar conditions didn’t have the same organisms in them
Sources of evidence now used for the theory of evolution by natural selection
Fossils
Evidence for evolution provided by the fossil record
Fossils of simpler organisms are found in older rocks whereas more complex organisms are found in more recent rocks
Molecules used in molecular evidence for evolution
Cytochrome C
How DNA provides evidence for evolution
Sequence of bases of different organisms compared
How molecules are used in evidence for evolution
Cytochrome C and ribosomal RNA have a slow rate of substitution so can be used with fossil information to determine relationships between species
Intraspecific variation
Variation between organisms of the same species
Interspecific variation
Variation between members of different species
Discontinuous variation
A characteristic that can only result in certain values
Continuous variation
A characteristic that can take any value within a range
Differences between discontinuous and continuous variation
Discontinuous can’t take intermediate values whereas continuous can
Examples of discontinuous variation
Animal’s sex
Examples of continuous variation
Height and mass of plants and animals
Genetic causes of variation
Alleles
Example of alleles causing variation
There are 3 alleles for blood group which can result in 4 different blood groups
Environmental causes of variation
Shade
How to calculate standard deviation
Calculate mean value
Role of standard deviation
To measure the spread of a set of data
Role of student’s t-test
To compare means of data values of two populations
How to do the student’s t-test
Subtract the mean of sample 2 from sample 1
Degrees of freedom for the student’s t-test
Degrees of Freedom = (n1 + n2) - 2
How to do a Spearman’s Rank test
Rank the different characteristics
Role of a Spearman’s Rank test
To consider the relationship of the data
Types of adaptation
Anatomical
Anatomical adaptations
Physical features
Behavioural adaptations
The way an organism acts
Physiological adaptations
Processes that take place inside an organism
Examples of anatomical adaptations
Body coverings for movement or insulation or protection
Examples of behavioural adaptations
Survival behaviours like playing dead
Types of behavioural adaptations
Innate
Example of an innate adaptation
Spiders building webs
Example of a learned adaptation
Use of tools
Examples of physiological adaptations
Poison production
Why might organisms from different taxonomic groups show similar anatomical features?
Convergent evolution
Analogous structures
Structures that are adapted to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin
How do the marsupial and placental moles show convergent evolution?
Marsupials are in Australia and placental moles are in the Americas
Difference between placental and marsupial moles
Placenta connects embryo to mother’s circulatory system
Stages in natural selection
Genetic variation due to mutations
Examples of how evolution has implications for human populations
Pesticide resistance in sheep blowflies
How pesticide resistance in sheep blowflies works
Diazinon was previously used to kill blowflies that cause sores and death in sheep
How Flavobacterium breaking down nylon works
Flavobacterium found in waste water around factories that produce nylon 6
Why may an organism not be classified as a species?
Can’t produce fertile versions of themselves.
How have classification systems changed over time?
Originally 2 kingdoms based off of observable characteristics
Why might a species be shown lower down a phylogenetic tree than other species?
Has gone extinct
Evidence used to classify organisms
Embryology
How is DNA used to classify organisms?
Compare base sequences in DNA
How does speciation occur?
Geographical and reproductive isolation
Classification
The sorting of organisms into taxa based on similarities and differences
