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Biology: Module 4: Biodiversity, Evolution & Disease > Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

Classification and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Order of classification

A

Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

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2
Q

How the binomial naming system works

A

First word is the genus

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3
Q

Advantages of the binomial naming system and classification as a whole

A

Differences in names between languages

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4
Q

Features used to classify Prokaryotae

A

Unicellular

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5
Q

Features used to classify Protoctista

A

Unicellular

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6
Q

Features used to classify Fungi

A

Unicellular or multicellular

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7
Q

Name for the body of a Fungus

A

Mycelium

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8
Q

Features used to classify Plantae

A

Multicellular

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9
Q

Features used to classify Animalia

A

Multicellular

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10
Q

Names of the 5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryotae

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11
Q

What was originally used for classification?

A

Similarities in observable features

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12
Q

Number of kingdoms

A

5

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13
Q

Sources of evidence that has been used for new classification systems

A

DNA sequencing

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14
Q

Evidence that was used for the three domain system

A

rRNA sequences

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15
Q

What does the similarity in haemoglobin structure show?

A

Common ancestry between primate groups

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16
Q

How did rRNA sequences provide evidence for the three domain system?

A

Organisms in the different domains have different forms of rRNA

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17
Q

How did the membrane lipid structure provide evidence for the three domain system?

A

Organisms in the different domains have different lipids in their membranes

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18
Q

Three domains

A

Archaea

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19
Q

How to identify Eukarya

A

80s ribosomes

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20
Q

How to identify Archaea

A

70s ribosomes

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21
Q

How to identify bacteria

A

70s ribosomes

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22
Q

Six kingdoms in the three domain system

A

Eubacteria

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23
Q

Why is the kingdom of Eubacteria separated from that of Archaebacteria?

A

Eubacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and archaebacteria don’t

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24
Q

Examples of Archaebacteria

A

Methanogens

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25
Q

Examples of Eubacteria

A

Most bacteria

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26
Q

Differences between the domain and kingdom classification systems

A

3 domains

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27
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

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28
Q

Relationship between phylogeny and classification

A

Phylogeny used to confirm that the classification groups are correct

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29
Q

Advantages of phylogenetic classification

A

Not forced to put organisms into specific groups

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30
Q

Contribution of Darwin in formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Realised that evolution is a slow process

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31
Q

Evidence provided by finches for natural selection

A

Shape of finch beak was linked to the food that was available

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32
Q

Evidence provided by tortoise shells for natural selection

A

Tortoise shells sent back from different Galapagos Islands were of different subspecies

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33
Q

Contribution of Wallace in formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Came up with a similar idea to Darwin

34
Q

Evidence provided by mimicry for natural selection

A

Caterpillar larvae have bright colours to stop them from being eaten

35
Q

Evidence provided by biogeography for natural selection

A

Mountain ranges with similar conditions didn’t have the same organisms in them

36
Q

Sources of evidence now used for the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Fossils

37
Q

Evidence for evolution provided by the fossil record

A

Fossils of simpler organisms are found in older rocks whereas more complex organisms are found in more recent rocks

38
Q

Molecules used in molecular evidence for evolution

A

Cytochrome C

39
Q

How DNA provides evidence for evolution

A

Sequence of bases of different organisms compared

40
Q

How molecules are used in evidence for evolution

A

Cytochrome C and ribosomal RNA have a slow rate of substitution so can be used with fossil information to determine relationships between species

41
Q

Intraspecific variation

A

Variation between organisms of the same species

42
Q

Interspecific variation

A

Variation between members of different species

43
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

A characteristic that can only result in certain values

44
Q

Continuous variation

A

A characteristic that can take any value within a range

45
Q

Differences between discontinuous and continuous variation

A

Discontinuous can’t take intermediate values whereas continuous can

46
Q

Examples of discontinuous variation

A

Animal’s sex

47
Q

Examples of continuous variation

A

Height and mass of plants and animals

48
Q

Genetic causes of variation

A

Alleles

49
Q

Example of alleles causing variation

A

There are 3 alleles for blood group which can result in 4 different blood groups

50
Q

Environmental causes of variation

A

Shade

51
Q

How to calculate standard deviation

A

Calculate mean value

52
Q

Role of standard deviation

A

To measure the spread of a set of data

53
Q

Role of student’s t-test

A

To compare means of data values of two populations

54
Q

How to do the student’s t-test

A

Subtract the mean of sample 2 from sample 1

55
Q

Degrees of freedom for the student’s t-test

A

Degrees of Freedom = (n1 + n2) - 2

56
Q

How to do a Spearman’s Rank test

A

Rank the different characteristics

57
Q

Role of a Spearman’s Rank test

A

To consider the relationship of the data

58
Q

Types of adaptation

A

Anatomical

59
Q

Anatomical adaptations

A

Physical features

60
Q

Behavioural adaptations

A

The way an organism acts

61
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

Processes that take place inside an organism

62
Q

Examples of anatomical adaptations

A

Body coverings for movement or insulation or protection

63
Q

Examples of behavioural adaptations

A

Survival behaviours like playing dead

64
Q

Types of behavioural adaptations

A

Innate

65
Q

Example of an innate adaptation

A

Spiders building webs

66
Q

Example of a learned adaptation

A

Use of tools

67
Q

Examples of physiological adaptations

A

Poison production

68
Q

Why might organisms from different taxonomic groups show similar anatomical features?

A

Convergent evolution

69
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that are adapted to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin

70
Q

How do the marsupial and placental moles show convergent evolution?

A

Marsupials are in Australia and placental moles are in the Americas

71
Q

Difference between placental and marsupial moles

A

Placenta connects embryo to mother’s circulatory system

72
Q

Stages in natural selection

A

Genetic variation due to mutations

73
Q

Examples of how evolution has implications for human populations

A

Pesticide resistance in sheep blowflies

74
Q

How pesticide resistance in sheep blowflies works

A

Diazinon was previously used to kill blowflies that cause sores and death in sheep

75
Q

How Flavobacterium breaking down nylon works

A

Flavobacterium found in waste water around factories that produce nylon 6

76
Q

Why may an organism not be classified as a species?

A

Can’t produce fertile versions of themselves.

77
Q

How have classification systems changed over time?

A

Originally 2 kingdoms based off of observable characteristics

78
Q

Why might a species be shown lower down a phylogenetic tree than other species?

A

Has gone extinct

79
Q

Evidence used to classify organisms

A

Embryology

80
Q

How is DNA used to classify organisms?

A

Compare base sequences in DNA

81
Q

How does speciation occur?

A

Geographical and reproductive isolation

82
Q

Classification

A

The sorting of organisms into taxa based on similarities and differences

Biology: Module 4: Biodiversity, Evolution & Disease (3 decks)

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