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Biology: Module 4: Biodiversity, Evolution & Disease > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Different levels at which biodiversity can be measured

A

Habitat biodiversity

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2
Q

Habitat biodiversity

A

Number of different habitats found within an area

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3
Q

Species biodiversity

A

Made of species richness and evenness

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4
Q

Species richness

A

Number of different species living in a particular area

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5
Q

Species evenness

A

Comparison of the number of individuals of each species living in a community

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6
Q

Community

A

All the populations of living organisms in a particular habitat

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7
Q

Genetic biodiversity

A

Variety of genes that make up a species

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8
Q

Sampling

A

Taking measurements of a limited number of individual organisms present in a particular area

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9
Q

Uses of sampling

A

To estimate the number of organisms in an organism

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10
Q

Types of sampling

A

Random

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11
Q

Random sampling

A

Selecting individuals by chance

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12
Q

How to carry out a random sample

A

Make grid with tape measures

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13
Q

Types of non-random sampling

A

Opportunistic

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14
Q

Opportunistic sampling

A

Using organisms that are readily available

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15
Q

Weakest form of non-random sampling

A

Opportunistic

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16
Q

Why is opportunistic sampling the weakest form of non-random sampling?

A

Not representative

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17
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Dividing a population into strata based on a characteristic

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18
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Identifying different areas within an overall habitat which are then sampled separately (Transects)

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19
Q

Line transect

A

Marking a line along the ground between the poles and taking samples at specific points

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20
Q

Belt transect

A

Two parallel lines marked

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21
Q

Why is a sample never truly representative?

A

Sampling bias

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22
Q

How to reduce sampling bias

A

Random sampling

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23
Q

How to reduce effect of chance

A

Large sample size

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24
Q

Sampling methods

A

Pooters

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25
Q

Types of quadrats

A

Point

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26
Q

Point quadrats

A

Frame containing a horizontal bar

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27
Q

Frame quadrats

A

Square frame divided into grid of equal sections

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28
Q

How to measure species richness

A

Use sampling method

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29
Q

Different things you can measure with frame quadrats

A

Density

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30
Q

How to do capture-mark-release-recapture

A

Capture as many individuals of a species as possible

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31
Q

How to measure species evenness using capture-mark-release-recapture

A

Compare the total number if each organism present

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32
Q

Simpson’s Index of Biodiversity

A

Measure of biodiversity that takes species richness and evenness into account

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33
Q

Formula for Simpson’s Index of Biodiversity

A

1- (Sum of total number of organisms of a particular species/ Sum of total number of organisms of all species)^2

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34
Q

What a low biodiversity index means

A

Few successful species

35
Q

What a high biodiversity index means

A

Large number of successful species

36
Q

Equation for proportion of polymorphic gene loci

A

Proportion of polymorphic gene loci = Number of polymorphic gene loci/ Total number of loci

37
Q

Polymorphic genes

A

Genes with more than one allele

38
Q

Suitable populations for measuring genetic biodiversity

39
Q

Factors that affect genetic biodiversity

40
Q

Gene flow

A

When an individual migrates from one population and breeds with a member of another population so alleles are transferred between two populations

41
Q

How genetic biodiversity can decrease

A

Selective breeding

42
Q

Genetic bottleneck

A

When few individuals within a population survive an event

43
Q

Founder effect

A

Where a small number of individuals create a new colony which is geographically isolated from the original

44
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random nature of alleles being passed on from parents to their offspring

45
Q

Factors affecting biodiversity

A

Human population growth

46
Q

Effect of deforestation on biodiversity

A

Reduces number of trees present

47
Q

Effect of agriculture on biodiversity

A

Deforestation

48
Q

Effect of climate change on biodiversity

A

Melting of polar ice caps leads to extinction of species in those areas

49
Q

Aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

Enriching lives (I’m not kidding

50
Q

Economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

Soil erosion and desertification as a result of deforestation

51
Q

Ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

Interdependence of species

52
Q

Keystone species

A

Species that play a key role in maintaining the structure of an ecological community which is large relative to their abundance

53
Q

Conservation

A

Preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources

54
Q

Advantages if in situ conservation

A

Maintains genetic diversity

55
Q

Active management techniques in wildlife reserves

A

Controlled grazing to allow species time to recover

56
Q

Succession

A

When early colonising species of an area are replaced until a stable mature population is achieved

57
Q

Methods of in situ conservation

A

Wildlife reserves

58
Q

Role of marine conservation zones

A

To create areas of refuge where populations can build up

59
Q

Methods of ex situ conservation

A

Botanic gardens

60
Q

How to get seeds ready for storage in seed banks

61
Q

How to ensure that genetic diversity is maintained in a captive breeding programme

A

Catalogue of data produced to ensure matches as different as possible

62
Q

Issues on release after captive breeding programmes

A

Loss of resistance to local diseases

63
Q

3 agreements made in the Rio Convention

A

Convention on Biological Diversity

64
Q

Convention on Biological Diversity

A

Countries must develop national strategies for sustainable development to ensure biodiversity

65
Q

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

A

Requirement to take steps to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere

66
Q

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

A

Preventing the transformation of fertile land into desert

67
Q

Countryside Stewardship Scheme

A

Offering financial incentives for farmers to sustain diversity of a landscape

68
Q

Why does higher genetic biodiversity increase a species’ chance of long term survival?

A

Greater genetic variation

69
Q

Advantages to using sensors (pH probes

A

temperature probes) to measure abiotic factors

70
Q

Different things that can be measured to measure species evenness

A

Percentage cover

71
Q

Advantages of measuring population density to measure species evenness

72
Q

Disadvantages of measuring population density to measure species evenness

A

Time consuming

73
Q

Advantages of measuring frequency to measure species evenness

74
Q

Disadvantages of measuring frequency to measure species evenness

A

Approximate result

75
Q

Advantages of measuring percentage cover to measure species evenness

A

Lots of data collected quickly

76
Q

Disadvantages of measuring percentage cover to measure species evenness

A

Least precise method

77
Q

Why is species evenness important in measuring biodiversity?

A

More quantitative than species richness

78
Q

Why is it likely that our estimates of species richness are underestimates?

A

Not all areas explored

79
Q

CITES

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

80
Q

Aims of CITES

A

Monitor trade in endangered species

81
Q

Aim of Rio Convention in Biological Diversity

A

Sustainable use of organisms

82
Q

How to ensure the success of release programmes after captive breeding

A

Healthy before release

83
Q

Why are seeds dried before storage?

A

Stops enzymes working

84
Q

Why is it better to store seeds than adult plants?

A

Can be collected without damaging plants

Biology: Module 4: Biodiversity, Evolution & Disease (3 decks)

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