Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 4 > Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

Classification and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Name the order of the Linnean classification

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the groups of hierarchial levels called?

A

Taxonomic groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the added classification?

A

Domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who introduced the domain system?

A

Carl Woese in 1972

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What defines a species?

A

A group of organisms that are able to produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why might an organism be infertile?

A

Their cells contain an odd number of chromosomes, so they can’t undergo meiosis to produce gametes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the five kingdoms

A

Prokaryotae, Protocista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define autotrophic

A

Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define saphotrophic

A

Parasitic, gain their nutrients from other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define heterotrophic

A

Nutrients acquired by ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three domains and their defining features?

A

Eukarya (80s ribosomes), Archaea (RNA polymerase has 10 proteins, and 70s ribosomes), Bacteria (RNA polymerase has 5 proteins and 70s ribosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the body of a fungi generally composed of?

A

Mycelium made of threads
Hyphae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do fungi store food?

A

As glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can indicate common ancestry between two species in terms of DNA sequencing?

A

The same proteins have a similar structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In Woese’s system, the kingdom Prokaryotae is split into what?

A

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What makes Eubacteria different to Archaebacteria?

A

They are different chemically and so are considered widely to be different groups.
Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria)
Eubacteria (true bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define Phylogeny

A

Phylogeny is the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The study of this is phylogenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why might phylogeny be more accurate than the traditional system?

A

Because Linnaean classification is a system of organisation based on physical characteristics, whereas phylogeny takes into account DNA and chemical bases
It also doesn’t force scientists to put animals in a taxonomic group where they don’t fit.

19
Q

What did Charles Lyell propose?

A

That fossils were evidence of animals that had lived millions of years ago

20
Q

Define uniformitarianism.

A

Earth has been shaped by natural forces like erosion, wind, and deposition.

21
Q

What are the three main ways scientists provide evidence for evolution?

A

-Comparitive Biochemistry
-Paleontology
-Comparative anatomy
(Also evolutionary embryology)

22
Q

What is a homologous structure?

A

A anatomical structure that appears massively different from another species but performs the same function, eg bat and bird wings.

23
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

From each common ancestor, different species can evolve with a different set of adaptive traits.

24
Q

What are the two most commonly examined molecules studied in comparative biochemistry?

A

Cytochrome C, and ribosomal RNA

25
Q

Define neutral evolution.

A

Most variability in the structure or sequencing of a molecule does not affect it’s function.

26
Q

How do scientists discover how closely species are related?

A

The molecular sequence of a particular molecule is compared (DNA bases, amino acid sequences)

27
Q

Why is ribosomal RNA compared?

A

It has a very slow rate of substitution, so is commonly used to determine relationships between ancient species

28
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

Differences between organisms in a species.

29
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

The widest type of variation- differences between members of different species.

30
Q

What are the two causes of variation?

A

Genetic and environmental

31
Q

Name the 5 genetic causes of variation.

A
  1. Alleles- different variants of the same gene
  2. Mutations- changes in DNA sequencing can change proteins that are coded for.
  3. Meiosis- random assortment and crossing over
  4. Sexual reproduction- inherited traits from each parent at random.
  5. Chance- gametes produced combine at random
32
Q

Define discontinuous variation

A

Variation that can only result in certain values.

33
Q

Define continuous variation

A

A characteristic in which the value can be in a range, with a graduation known as a continuum.

34
Q

(a) Define an adaptation.
(b) Give the three groups of adaptations

A

(a) Characteristics that increase the organism’s chance of survival.
(b) Behavioural, Physiological, Anatomical

35
Q

Give some examples of anatomical adaptations

A

Body covering
Camouflage
Teeth
Mimicry

36
Q

Give some adaptations of Marram grass

A

Curled leaves to minimise moist tissue exposed to air
Stomata sunken into pits, which makes them less likely to open and lose water
A thick waxy cuticle on leaves and stems, reducing evaporation

37
Q

Give some examples of behavioural adaptations

A

Survival behaviours
Courtship
Seasonal behaviours (migration, hibernation)

38
Q

What are the two behavioural adaptations categories

A

Innate (instinctive) behavioural- abilities inherited through genes.
Learned behaviour- adaptations from observing other animals

39
Q

Give some examples of physiological adaptations

A

Poison production
Antibiotic production
Water holding

40
Q

Define an analogous structure

A

They have evolved to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin

41
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Takes place when unrelated species share similar traits. This can be because of changing environments or selection pressures.

42
Q

Define selection pressures

A

Factors that affect the organism’s chance of survival or reproductive success

43
Q

Explain natural selection in three steps

A
  1. Organisms show variation with alleles. Some organisms are by chance have alleles that are better suited to the environment
  2. Better suited organisms are more likely to survive and pass on these advantageous traits/ alleles to offspring
  3. The process is repeated over generations and the frequency of the allele in the gene pool increases, allowing it to spread throughout a population
44
Q

Give four examples of modern evolution

A
  1. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
  2. Peppered moths
  3. Sheep blowflies
  4. Flavobacterium

Module 4 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions