Classification and evolution Flashcards
What are the five kingdoms
- Animalia
- Plantae
- Prokrayotae
- Fungi
- Protocista
What are the features of Prokaryotae
- Unicellular
- no nucleus
- less than 5 micrometres
What are the features of Protoctista
- eukaryotic cells
- usually live in water
- single-celled or mutlucelluar
- can be heterotrophs or autotroph
What are the features of Fungi
- Eukaryotic cells
- chitin cell wall
- unicellular
- saprotrophs
What are the features of Plantae
- Eukaryotic
- multicellular
- cellulose cell wall
- contain chlrophyll
- autotrophic
What are the features of Animalia
- Eukaryotic
- multicellular
- no cell wall
- hetrotrophic
State the meaning of the term classification
when you group organisms based on similarities and differences
What is taxonomy
study of classifcation
What are the 8 levels of the taxonomic hierarchy
Domain
kingdom (king) phylum (Phillip) class (cried) order (out) family (for) genus (goodness) species (sake)
What is the binomial system and why do we use it
Latin name for species
first part of the name is genus second is species
written in italics
or underlined in an exam
Why do we use it?
- universal / recognised worldwide /
- know which , genus / species , it belongs to
- idea of different common name for the same organism
What is phyloengy
the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
According to phyogenics what is a species
the smallest group that shares a common ancestor (the end of the branch)
What is evdience is there for classification
- Fossil record
- Embroylogical
- Molecular (cytochrome C and DNA)
What is evdience is there for classification
- Fossil record
provides evidence of how organisms evolved - Molecular evidence
How similar an organisms DNA is
can compare DNA sequences
Can also compare amino acids sequences an example being cytochrome C (more similar more related) - Embryological evidence
similarities in early stage of an organims development
What are the differences between archaea and bacteria
Molecular evidence
- RNA is archaea is different to the one in bacteria
- also archaea has similar histones to eukaryotes
Celluar evidence
- Bonds in lipids are different between archaea and bacteria
- development of flagellum between them is also different
What is variation
differences that exist between individuals/things etc
What is intraspecific variation
variation within a species
What is interspecfic variation
variation between species
What are the features of contionous variation
ii) examples in plants, animals and microrganims
- no distinct categories
- influenced by many genes (polygenic) and the environment
- usually in line graphs, histograms
examples: height, body mass, (animals)
leaf surface area, mass of seeds, in microorganisms length of flagellum, width of e-coli
What are the features of discontinous variation
ii) what are the features in plants animals and microgranisms
- phenotypes grouped into distinct categories (2 or more)
- data plotted on a bar graph
- usually controlled by one gene or a small number
examples: blood group, tongue rolling (animals)
in plants seed shape, or colours of courgette
microorganisms antibiotic resistance and pigment production
What factors can cause variation
- Genetic
examples: eye colour, blood type,antibiotic resistance in bacteria - environmental: can be controlled by the environment
examples: accents, piercings
Give an example of something that can be controlled by both environmental and genetic factors
- Height: genes can determine how tall an organism is, but diet or nutrient availability controls how tall you can grow
- Flagellum: genes determine if a microorganism can grow one, but some will grow if it’s in the right enviorment
Why do we use standard deviation
less influenced by extreme scores
What is standard deviation
tells you the spread of your data
What is an adaption
A feature that helps an organism survive
What are the different types of adaptions
Anatomical: structural features of teh body (ear size, shape)
Physiological: processes inside orgamims body. (temperature regulation, lowering metabolism during hibernation, bacteria produce antibiotics to kill others in an area)
Behavioural: things that the animal does (burrowing, hibernating, migrating, playing dead, dancing before mating)
What is convergent evolution
two species develop similar characteristics but evolve independently of each other (but are adapted to live In similar environments
What are the differences between marsipual mammals and placental mammals
- Marisuplas have a short gestation period whereas placental mammals are longer
- marsupials don’t develop a full placenta but placental mammals do
- marsupials are born early and live in mothers pouch and develop in there, but placental mammals are born fully developed
What are teh differneces and simlarties between marsipual moles(mm) and placental moles (pm)
Differences
- MM short gestation period whereas pm longer one
- MM baby is partially developed, develops in pouch, whereas pm develops fully in placenta
Similarities
- small eyes because they don’t need to see underground
- scoop-shaped powerful paws good for digging
- claws are specialised for digging
- a tube-shaped body and cone-shaped head good for pushing through sand or soil
What were Darwins 4 observaions
- organisms that produce more offspring survive
- variation of characteristics of members in same species
- some characteristics passed onto one generation to next
- individuals best adapted are more likely to survive
How does natrual selection happen
- variation caused by mutation
- selection pressure
- most die, but ones with mutation survive
- survivours reproduce
- pass allele onto offspring
- happens over generations
Who else helped darwins with his theories of evolution
-Wallace, provided observations
What kind of evidence shows how that evolution occurred and how
Fossil record
-you can arrange them in chronological order, as see the gradual change of like a limb or smth
Molecular evidence
-organisms that diverged from each other should have similar base pairs
other evidence
proteins and other molecules more recently you diverged more similar amino acids you have
Give an example of an organism that is resistant to pesticides and explain the reasons why it happened
Mosquitoes used to be killed by the pesticide DDT, but in the 1950s resistant mosquitoes became widespread
Why?
Genetic mutations gave mosquitoes the allele to be resistant to DDT
-the whole natural selection thing
What are the implications of pesticde resistence for humans
- Destruction of crops
- expensive and time consuming to produce new pesticides
- it may increase human diseases
- may have to use broader pesticides which will kill beneficial insects (bees, ladybirds)
