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biol > classification and biodiversity > Flashcards

classification and biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

what is classification?

A

the grouping of organisms by comparing the similarities and differences.

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2
Q

what is a species?

A

a group of organisms that can reproduce to have viable offspring.

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3
Q

how has tech affected classification?

A

led to new and more accurate classification systems, based in sequencing dna and proteins of organisms.

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4
Q

what two groups can animals be decided into?

A

vertebrates and invertebrates

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5
Q

what is a vertebrate?

A

any animal with a backbone.

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6
Q

what is an invertebrate?

A

any animal without a backbone.

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7
Q

what are the five classes of vertebrates?

A 
birds
reptiles 
amphibians 
mammals 
fish
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8
Q

what are two types of plants?

A

flowering and non-flowering plants.

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9
Q

what defines a non-flowering plant?

A

they don’t have flowers or seeds and produce asexually using spores.

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10
Q

what defines a flowering plant?

A

they can reproduce asexually or sexually and may produce seeds in their ovaries.

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11
Q

what is an adaptation?

A

any trait helping organisms survive better in the environment in which they live.

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12
Q

what are the types of adaptation?

A

morphological and behavioural.

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13
Q

what is a morphological adaptation?

A

changes to physical features, like structure or shape, affecting how an organism looks.

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14
Q

what is a behavioural adaptation?

A

changes that affect an organism’s lifestyle or actions.

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15
Q

give an example of a morphological adaptation.

A

the arctic fox - white fur in polar regions, waxy cuticles to reduce water loss.

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16
Q

what is an example of behavioural adaptation?

A

hibernation, mating calls.

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17
Q

what is competition?

A

a relationship between organisms striving for the same resources in the same place.

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18
Q

what do animals compete for?

A

mates, food and territory.

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19
Q

what do plants compete for?

A

water, minerals, light and space.

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20
Q

what affects population growth?

A

disease, pollution, food supply and predation.

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21
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

a variety of different species and the number of individuals within those species in an area.

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22
Q

how does biodiversity impact the economy?

A

biodiversity provides the income of millions of the poorest around the world, eg. ecotourism.

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23
Q

how does biodiversity impact ecosystems?

A

more biodiverse ecosystems are more stable, with greater generic diversity, for selective breeding or genetic modification, and are often important protecting humans from environmental disasters.

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24
Q

how can endangered species be conserved?

A

controlling alien species, maintaining seed banks, monitoring and protecting habitats.

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25
Q

what is an alien species/a biological control?

A

a species introduced by humans into a habitat to control a pest.

26
Q

how does maintaining seed banks help to conserve endangered species?

A

seed banks are special storage facilities for different seed types that help preserve the genetic diversity of plants.

27
Q

how does monitoring and protecting habitats help conserve endangered species?

A

involves passing legislation which make certain activities in these habitats illegal which can be controversial when a habitat lies across multiple countries that must cooperate to protect it.

28
Q

how can biodiversity be measured?

A

quadrats and transects

29
Q

what is a quadrat?

A

they are square frames that can be used to estimate population sizes.

30
Q

what is a transect?

A

used to investigate the effect of a factor on the distribution of a species, a transect line is a piece of habitat of interest.
quadrats are placed at regular intervals along the transect line.

31
Q

how can biodiversity be maintained?

A
  • breeding programmes
  • preventing extinction
  • protection and regeneration of rare and threatened habitats
  • farmers maintain field margins and hedgerows
  • recycling
  • slow down expansion of landfill sites
  • reduce extraction of new resources
32
Q

what is interdependence?

A

a species depending on each other for pollination or seed dispersal.

33
Q

what is the equation for estimating an animal population size?

A

population = (1st sample x 2nd sample)
————————————
2nd sample previously marked

34
Q

what are pooters, nets and keys?

A

pooters are nets used to catch crawling insects and flying animals. keys can then be used to identify the organism.

35
Q

what is capture-recapture?

A

animals are caught, marked and then released. then another sample is taken and the number of recaptured animals (those marked) is recorded. this gives information on population size.

36
Q

what is the equation for estimating a plant population size.

A

population =

number counted x (total survey area / area sampled)

37
Q

why aren’t quadrats used to measure animal population size?

A

most animals are more mobile than plants, so they can’t be accurately sampled.

38
Q

ESTIMATING a plant population size p1.

A

divide the habitat up into a series of quadrat-sized cells.

39
Q

ESTIMATING a plant population size p2.

A

randomly select a given number of cells, then go out into the habitat snd place the quadrats into these positions.

40
Q

ESTIMATING a plant population size p3.

A

to evaluate the contents, e it her count the number of individual organisms of interest or record the percentage if the quadrat taken up by an organism.

41
Q

ESTIMATING a plant population size p4.

A

the samples from the quadrat are uses to estimate the total population in a given area.

42
Q

classifying animals - what are the organism groups?

A
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species

KPCOFGS

43
Q

why are bacteria not classified as a species?

A

they do not inter-breed. they reproduce asexually so cannot be classified into different species using the ‘fertile offspring’ idea.

44
Q

why do some organisms have similar features for different reasons?

A

they could be closely related or distantly related but both are adapted for living in a similar environment.

45
Q

what are the five organism kingdoms?

A
  • prokaryotes (bacteria) : no nucleus
  • animals : multicellular, feed on other organisms
  • plants : cellulose cell wall, use light energy to produce food
  • fungi : cell wall of chitin, produce spores
  • protoctista : mostly single celled with some plant and some animal characteristics
46
Q

what are the features of the five vertebrate classes?

A 
fish - wet scales and gills
reptiles - covered in dry scales
mammals - have fur and produce milk
birds - have feathers and a beak
amphibians - have moist permeable skin
47
Q

what is a hybrid?

A

produced when two members of two species inter-breed and so they are infertile, eg. mules.

48
Q

what are the two types of competition?

A

intraspecific and interspecific

49
Q

what us intraspecific?

A

between organisms of the same species and is likely to be more significant as the organisms share more similarities and so need the same resources.

50
Q

what is interspecific?

A

between organisms of a different species.

51
Q

why are animals larger in arctic regions and smaller in desert regions?

A

large animals with smaller ears have a decreased surface area to volume ratio.

52
Q

what are the adaptations of predators?

A
  • binocular vision (eyes at the front of their head)
  • sharp teeth and claws
  • stings or venoms
53
Q

what are the adaptations of prey?

A
  • camouflage
  • eyes on the side of the head for more vision
  • a social organisation (living in herds/groups)
  • a body built for speed
  • defences like stings or poison, warning colouration.
54
Q

what us mutualism?

A

living/working together, eg. buffaloes and oxpeckers.

55
Q

what us a parasite, where does it live and what does it cause?

A

a parasite lives on, or in, another organism called a host. they carry diseases including malaria.

56
Q

what us a pyramid of biomass?

A

the energy lost from the food chain is different ways as the food is passed along.

57
Q

how is carbon dioxide returned to the air?

A
  • plants and animals respiring.
  • soil bacteria and fungi acting as respiring decomposers.
  • the burning of fossil fuels (combustion).
58
Q

what is the carbon cycle?

A

there is carbon in the air which goes to photosynthesis or comes back as respiration. plants are eaten and die, with animals excreting the remains and then dying too.

59
Q

what is the nitrogen cycle?

A

plants take in nitrogen as nitrates from the soil to male protein for growth. the nitrogen compounds in dead plants and animals are broken down by decomposers and returned to the soil.

60
Q

what happens to carbon dioxide in the air by marine organisms?

A

they can use carbon dioxide

over millions of years and make shells made of carbonate which become limestone rocks.

61
Q

what are the three parts of pollution?

A
  • the greenhouse effect : build-up of gases in the atmosphere. they trap heat rays and are radiated from the earth, heating it up.
  • acid rain : caused by burning fossil fuels.
  • ozone depletion : caused by release if chemicals that come from the breakdown of fridges of aerosol cans. (radiation)

biol (6 decks)

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