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Evolution > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Describe neo-darwinism theory

A

Descent with modification through natural selection

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2
Q

Summarise evolution

A

species are descendants of ancestral species that were different to modern day species, caused by change in genetic composition of population through generations

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3
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of life, in all its forms.

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4
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

scientific naming and classification of all forms of life

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5
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

the evolutionary history of a species or group of species

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6
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.6 billion years

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7
Q

How is the fossil record biased?

A

Not all environments suitable for preservation, deposition rate is not constant and not all material is preserved under standard conditions, some material has low preservation potential

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8
Q

Examples of environmental change

A

Temporal e.g., Seasons, Day and night, Milankovith cycles
Spatial e.g. Continental drift, changing atmosphere and climate
Rare events e.g.. tsunamis and earthquakes

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9
Q

What is systematics?

A

a discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships using data ranging from fossils to molecule;es and genes

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10
Q

What is Binomial Nomenclature?

A

Linnaean System of referencing organisms by their Latin names.

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11
Q

What is Hierarchal classification?

A

Grouping into a hierarchy of increasingly inclusive categories.

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12
Q

What are the levels of classification?1

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species
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13
Q

What is a taxon?

A

The named taxonomic at any level of hierarchy, any level of classification

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14
Q

What is Classification?

A

the arrangement of organisms in taxonomic groups according to their similarities

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15
Q

How is the branching history of a group represented?

A

Phylogenetic tree

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16
Q

What is polytomy?

A

a branch point from which more than two descendant groups gave emerged, indicating evolutionary relationships haven’t been determined.

17
Q

what are sister taxa?

A

Share an immediate common ancestor

18
Q

What are homologies?

A

Similarities due to a shared ancestry - descent from a common ancestor

19
Q

What is an analogous character?

A

similarity due to convergent evolution

20
Q

What is a homoplasy?

A

A character shared by species but not present in their common ancestor - analogous.

21
Q

What is the problem with creating phylogenies based on morphology?

A

May be superficial resemblance but arouse as analogous characters in similar environments, character may nit be shared by a common ancestor.

22
Q

What is Symplesiomorphies?

A

shared ancestral characters

23
Q

What is Synapomorphies?

A

Shared derived characters

24
Q

What is Autopomorphies?

A

Characters unique to a taxon

25
Q

What are Molecular homologies?

A

similarities in DNA sequences, similar at most points means likely to have a recent common ancestor.

26
Q

How may DNA sequences have changed over time?

A

Insertions and deletions over many generations

27
Q

What is the problem with using computer programming to compare sequences?

A

May be very similar apart from a few insertions and deletions so sequences don’t align even though they match at many points.

28
Q

What is cladistics?

A

an approach where common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms

29
Q

What is a clade?

A

a group of species that includes an ancestor and all its descendants.

30
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

Consists of an ancestral species and all of it descendants

31
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group which consists of an ancestral species but only some of its descendants

32
Q

What is a polyphyletic group?

A

A group that includes taxa with different ancestors

33
Q

What are shared ancestral characters?

A

a character shared by all members of a particular clade that originated from an ancestor that is not a member of that clade.

34
Q

What are shared derived characters?

A

a character that is an evolutionary novelty unique to that particular clade - not present in the ancestor.

35
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea

Evolution (11 decks)

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