Classification

Question 1

Species concept

Answer 1

similar species in same genus with similar pheno and genotypes, being SEPARATE species as they cant breed together to produce FERTILE offspring.

Question 2

How is scientific data evaluated and what could new data on a species lead to?

Answer 2

-scientific findings published in a journal
-presented at scientific conference/meetings
-other scientists repeat experiments to confirm data
-peer review

-reclassification if they agree with data OR changes in classification system structure of organism.

Question 3

Acronym for order

Answer 3

dirty kids prefer chips over floppy green spinach
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Question 4

How can taxonomic groups form from molecular phylogeny?

Answer 4

-so organisms with similar characteristics can be placed in a group
-All these taxonomic groups have specific differences

Question 5

What are the 3 big new domain superkingdoms?

Answer 5

Bacteria, archaea, eukaryota

Question 6

What 2 domains are prokaryota and why

Answer 6

bacteria and archaea as they are unicellular organisms without a nucleus

Question 7

What is eukaryota and what 4 kingdoms make it up?

Answer 7

organisms with cells that contain a nucleus
protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Question 8

Why were prokaryota kindom reclassified into 2 domains?

Answer 8

molecular phylogeny suggested that archaea and bacteria were more distantly related than first thought.

Question 9

Why were prokaryota kindom reclassified into 2 domains?

Answer 9

molecular phylogeny suggested that archaea and bacteria were more distantly related than first thought.

Question 10

(i) Explain how molecular phylogeny can be used to show that these two
populations are reproductively isolated

Answer 10

-comparing similarities and differences in DNA
-Comparison of nucleotide sequences
-the greater the number of differences, the more likely they are to be reproductively isolated

Question 11

(ii) Describe how mutations in badgers to the east of a river may
lead to this population becoming a separate species. 4

Answer 11

-mutations results in production of new alleles
-selection pressures can cause the alleles to be advantageous
-more individuals with the advantageous alleles survive and reproduce
-after time, the population would not be able to reproduce with other badger species to producemfertile offspring

Question 12

Explain how the Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to show that natural
selection is occurring in a population.
2

Answer 12

-hardy weinberg equation shows the allele frequency in a population
-if natural selection is occuring then there would be a change in allele frequency over time.

Question 13

explain why lions werent released into new animal reserve (that added antelopes first) until many years later. 2

Answer 13

-to allow antelopes to reproduce
-therefore providing a sustainable food source for the lions

Question 14

Explain why choosing lions from different regions for new animal reserve increased the genetic diversity of the lion population. 2

Answer 14

-lions will be from different gene pools
-maintains range of alleles in offspring

Question 15

When would an organism outcompete another?

Answer 15

If they have the same niche- eg same food source or same time of feeding and shelter site

Question 16

Why cant organisms ever be perfectly adapted to their environments?

Answer 16

Mutations occur all the time and alot are harmful to organism
Makes population less well adapted to surroundings

Question 17

How would geographical isolation lead to reproductive isolarion

Answer 17

Mutations take place independently in each population
Different selection pressures, diff characteristics are advantageous so change in allele frequencies

Question 18

How does inbreeding reduce the chance of survival?

Answer 18

-Causes frequency of homozygous genotypes to rise, loss of heterozygotes
-as inbreeding results in individuals inheriting recessive alleles
-from both parents and the homozygous recessive genotypes in offspring
-many recessive alleles have harmful effects so inbreeding depression results
-offspring less able to survive and reproduce

Question 19

What do studbooks contain?

Answer 19

History and location of all the captive animals of species in places part of breeding plan
Molecular biology, cytogenetics of species so they can study nature of genes

Question 20

Studbook holder

Answer 20

Advises which animals should and shouldnt breed
Controls movement of animals between zoos to maximise genetic diversity within captive populations
Ensures individuals that breed poorly are encouraged to breed while those good are limited in breeding success (ensures genes are equally represented in subsequent generations)

Question 21

Role of zoos

Answer 21

Species conservation in captive breeding for reintroduction
- so breed animals in captivity so they are then returned to native habitats

Question 22

Arguments for and against zoos

Answer 22

For- role in academic research and captive breeding with careful use of studbooks to maintain genetic diversity
-reintroduction programmes and education to save endangered species
Against- animals are exhibited on basis of crowd pulling power rather than endangered status
- poor conditions for animals such as poor floors in cages; wellbeing
- reintroduction of species to wild is not guaranteed
-capture of animals for exhibition may seriously deplete wild populations

Question 23

Pros of educating people on zoos and seedbanks

Answer 23

Zoos allow people to get close to organisms which increases enthusiasm for conservation work
Seedbanks contribute to education by providing training and setting up local seedbanks all around the world

Question 24

Conditions for seedbanks

Answer 24

Cool dry conditions for storage so seeds grow for a long time
Testing seeds for viability using x rays for growth viability
Low humidity
-20 degrees to reduce enzyme activity and prevent bacterial growth
Germinated in agar plates and tested every 10 years to see if seeds alive, if germination below 75% seeds will be grown to collect new sample and placed back into storage

Question 25

Pro of storing seeds instead of plants

Answer 25

-Smaller so more can be stored
-can be stored for long time
-Greater genetic diversity if large numbers of seed are stored

Question 26

How are seeds selected

Answer 26

From different plants
To provide genetic variation
X rayed to check for viable embryos

Question 27

Pros and cons of seedbanks

Answer 27

Pros- Cheaper to store seeds than fully grown plants
More seeds can be stored than plants as rhey need less space
Can be used to grow endangered plants for use in medical research
Seeds can be stored anywhere as long as its cool and dry but plants need conditions from natural habitat
Seeds less likely to be damaged by disease and natural disaster
Cons- testing seeds for viability can be expensive and time consuming
-too expensive to store all types of seed and regularly test them for viability
-may be difficult to collect seeds from some plants as they may grow in remote locations