Classification Flashcards
Species concept
similar species in same genus with similar pheno and genotypes, being SEPARATE species as they cant breed together to produce FERTILE offspring.
How is scientific data evaluated and what could new data on a species lead to?
-scientific findings published in a journal
-presented at scientific conference/meetings
-other scientists repeat experiments to confirm data
-peer review
-reclassification if they agree with data OR changes in classification system structure of organism.
Acronym for order
dirty kids prefer chips over floppy green spinach
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
How can taxonomic groups form from molecular phylogeny?
-so organisms with similar characteristics can be placed in a group
-All these taxonomic groups have specific differences
What are the 3 big new domain superkingdoms?
Bacteria, archaea, eukaryota
What 2 domains are prokaryota and why
bacteria and archaea as they are unicellular organisms without a nucleus
What is eukaryota and what 4 kingdoms make it up?
organisms with cells that contain a nucleus
protoctista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Why were prokaryota kindom reclassified into 2 domains?
molecular phylogeny suggested that archaea and bacteria were more distantly related than first thought.
Why were prokaryota kindom reclassified into 2 domains?
molecular phylogeny suggested that archaea and bacteria were more distantly related than first thought.
(i) Explain how molecular phylogeny can be used to show that these two
populations are reproductively isolated
-comparing similarities and differences in DNA
-Comparison of nucleotide sequences
-the greater the number of differences, the more likely they are to be reproductively isolated
(ii) Describe how mutations in badgers to the east of a river may
lead to this population becoming a separate species. 4
-mutations results in production of new alleles
-selection pressures can cause the alleles to be advantageous
-more individuals with the advantageous alleles survive and reproduce
-after time, the population would not be able to reproduce with other badger species to producemfertile offspring
Explain how the Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to show that natural
selection is occurring in a population.
2
-hardy weinberg equation shows the allele frequency in a population
-if natural selection is occuring then there would be a change in allele frequency over time.
explain why lions werent released into new animal reserve (that added antelopes first) until many years later. 2
-to allow antelopes to reproduce
-therefore providing a sustainable food source for the lions
Explain why choosing lions from different regions for new animal reserve increased the genetic diversity of the lion population. 2
-lions will be from different gene pools
-maintains range of alleles in offspring
When would an organism outcompete another?
If they have the same niche- eg same food source or same time of feeding and shelter site
Why cant organisms ever be perfectly adapted to their environments?
Mutations occur all the time and alot are harmful to organism
Makes population less well adapted to surroundings
How would geographical isolation lead to reproductive isolarion
Mutations take place independently in each population
Different selection pressures, diff characteristics are advantageous so change in allele frequencies
How does inbreeding reduce the chance of survival?
-Causes frequency of homozygous genotypes to rise, loss of heterozygotes
-as inbreeding results in individuals inheriting recessive alleles
-from both parents and the homozygous recessive genotypes in offspring
-many recessive alleles have harmful effects so inbreeding depression results
-offspring less able to survive and reproduce
What do studbooks contain?
History and location of all the captive animals of species in places part of breeding plan
Molecular biology, cytogenetics of species so they can study nature of genes
Studbook holder
Advises which animals should and shouldnt breed
Controls movement of animals between zoos to maximise genetic diversity within captive populations
Ensures individuals that breed poorly are encouraged to breed while those good are limited in breeding success (ensures genes are equally represented in subsequent generations)
Role of zoos
Species conservation in captive breeding for reintroduction
- so breed animals in captivity so they are then returned to native habitats
Arguments for and against zoos
For- role in academic research and captive breeding with careful use of studbooks to maintain genetic diversity
-reintroduction programmes and education to save endangered species
Against- animals are exhibited on basis of crowd pulling power rather than endangered status
- poor conditions for animals such as poor floors in cages; wellbeing
- reintroduction of species to wild is not guaranteed
-capture of animals for exhibition may seriously deplete wild populations
Pros of educating people on zoos and seedbanks
Zoos allow people to get close to organisms which increases enthusiasm for conservation work
Seedbanks contribute to education by providing training and setting up local seedbanks all around the world
Conditions for seedbanks
Cool dry conditions for storage so seeds grow for a long time
Testing seeds for viability using x rays for growth viability
Low humidity
-20 degrees to reduce enzyme activity and prevent bacterial growth
Germinated in agar plates and tested every 10 years to see if seeds alive, if germination below 75% seeds will be grown to collect new sample and placed back into storage
