Classification Flashcards
What type of classification systems are the ICD and DSM?
Categorical - based on clinical descriptions
What is an operationalised approach to diagnosis?
Include the use of precise clinical description of disorders, together with predefined exclusion and inclusion criteria and details of the number and duration of symptoms required for diagnosis.
Benefits of operationalised approach?
Allows algorithm-based clinical diagnosis using intensity, duration of symptoms and impairment tests.
Such as a checklist
What are characteristic symptoms?
Those which are pertinent to the diagnosis
What are discriminating symptoms?
Necessary for diagnosis since they are not found in other disorders.
What helps facilitate application of operationalised diagnoses?
Computerised scoring systems such as OPCRIT for ICD 10
What is the atheoretical approach?
Diseases are described according to observed phenomenology; classification is not based on understanding what might be causing the disturbance.
No theory forms the basis of classification; only neutral observations
What is the descriptive approach?
Classifying illness based on what constitutes it rather than what causes it.
What makes the descriptive approach more rational?
Lack of pathogenetic knowledge of psych disorders
Which type of psychiatric illness has it been suggested that a dimensional system is needed?
Personality disorders
Advantages of dimensional approach?
More valid; emotinoal and cognitive states are on a continuum
Severity can be better indicated
Prevents need for comorbid diagnoses to be considered
Research using dimensional scales have greater powert o detect differences
Disadvantage of dimensional approach?
Clinical utility is questionable as dimensions cannot be directly mapped onto clinical decisions e.g. starting or stopping an intervention
Advantages of categorical approach
Easy to understand
Can be communicated with professionals
Existing knowledge base (presentation, course, prognosis) is based on these categories
Disadvantage of categorical approach
Poor validity - e.g. Psychosis not specified needed for atypical cases
What is hierarchical organisation of psych disorders based on?
Jasperian ideas - the ladder starts from organic disorders to substance use, psychosis, affective and neurosis up to personality issues.
What does hierarchical organisation of psych disorders mean?
If a disorder at the top explains the observed symptoms then diagnoses further down should not be entertained.
Axes used in ICD 10
Axis 1 - mental disorder
Axis 2 - degree of disability
Axis 3 - current psychosocial problems
Axes used in DSM
Axis 1 - Clinical Disorders
Axis 2 - Personality Disorders/Mental retardation
Axis III - General Medical Conditions
Axis IV - Psychosocial and environmental problems
Axis V - global assessment of functioning
When was the first ICD done?
1855
What was the first ICD for?
Causes of death
What is the F for in the ICD?
Identifies the disorder as mental or behavioural
What is the first digit after F for in ICD?
Refers to broad diagnostic grouping
What is the second digit after F for in ICD?
Refers to individual diagnosis
What do digits after a decimal point mean in the ICD?
Code for additional information specific to the disorder such as sub-type, course or type of symptoms
Which ICD 10 is used for clinical purposes?
ICD-10: CDDG
Which ICD is used for research purposes?
ICD 10 DCR
How is the ICD 10 DCR set out
More restrictive and clearly defined clinical features with inclusion and exclusion criteria
How is ICD 10 Primary care version set out?
Broad clinical descriptions
Diagnostic flow charts
Treatment recommendations
What is ICD 10 Clinical Coding Manual used for?
For coding purposes
What are the axes in the DSM 5?
Psychiatric disorder
Pschosocial and environmental factors
Severity of associated disability
When should harmful use not be diagnosed via ICD?
If dependence syndrome or substance-induced psychosis are diagnosed
How is dependence described in CID 10?
Cognitive and behavioural phenomena indicating the use of the substance takes on a much higher priority for the individual than other behaviours.
What is harmful use code in ICD?
Where actual damage is caused to drinker but they have no dependence pattern
What is abuse in DSM?
Maladaptive use despite problems in social, occupational, physical and psychological domains, in hazardous situations, at least one month but not dependent on alcohol
What is depressive pseudodementia?
When depression in elderly patients initially presents as dementia
Typical symptoms of pseudodementia?
Memory impairment
Difficulty in sustaining attention and concentration
Reduced intellectual capacity
Difference in cognitive impairment in dementia and pseudodementia?
In pseudodementia patient complains about cognitive impairment; in dementia, this is rare
Memory loss in pseudodementia?
Memory loss more severe for remote events
Memory loss in dementia?
Memory loss more severe current events
The 5 A’s of Alzheimers
Amnesia
Aphasia - language difficulties
Agnosia - failure to recognise (people)
Apraxia - cannot carry out purposeful movements
Associated disturbance - behavioural, delusions, hallucinations
Define vascular dementia
Cognitive decline from previously higher level of functioning manifested by impairment of memory and of 2 or more cognitive domains and deficits severe enough to impact ADLs
When is onset of vascular dementia?
Usually after CVE
Deficits in Vascular dementia?
Emotional and personality changes are early, followed by cognitive deficits that fluctuate
Describe dementia with lewy bodies
Spontaneous motor features of parkinsonism
Fluctuating cognition - varied attention
Visual hallucinations
Cognitive decline
Describe the visual hallucinations in Dementia with lewy bodies?
Well formed
Detailed
Describe cognitive decline in dementia with lewy bodies
Progressive
Supportive features to diagnose dementia with lewy bodies?
Neuroleptic sensitivity
History of falls
When is Parkinsons disease dementia diagnosed?
If Parkinsonian symptoms exist for >12 months before dementia develops
Onset and progression of frontotemporal dementia
Insiduous onset
Gradual progression
Early symptoms of frontotemporal dementia
Early emotional blunting
Early loss of insight
Behavioural features of frontotemporal dementia
Disinhibition Decline in personal hygiene Mental rigidity Inflexibility Hyperorality Stereotyped and perseverative behaviour
Speech in frontotemporal disorder
Reduced output and stereotypy, echolalia and perseveration
Affective symptoms of frontotemporal dementia
Frequent mood changes
Emotional indifference
Physical signs of frontotemporal dementia
Incontinence Primitive reflexes Akinesia Rigidity Tremor
How long do most cases of delirium last for?
4 weeks
Organic cause of depression?
Influenza
St Louis/Feighner criteria of Schizophrenia
A, B and C are needed
A criteria of Feighner’s criteria of Schizophrenia
Both needed;
- chronic illness with at least 6 months of symptoms prior to index evaluation without return to premorbid level of psychosocial development.
- absence of period of depressive or manic symptoms sufficient to qualify for affective disorder
B criteria for Feigners criteria of schizophrenia
At least one of the following:
- delusions or hallucinations without significant perplexity or disorientation associated with them
- verbal production that makes communication difficult due to lack of logical or understandable organization
C criteria for Feigner’s criteria of schizophrenia
At least 3 of the following for ‘definite’ and 2 for ‘probable’ schizophrenia
- single
- poor premorbid socal adjustment or work history
- FHx of schizophrenia
- absence of alcoholism or drug abuse within one year of onset
Onset prior to age 40
NIMHR criteria for schizophrenia
Symptom criteria
Duration criteria
Exclusion criteria
What is the symptom criteria for NIMH?
8 symptoms; first 7 are Schneiderian first-rank, the last gives diagnostic value to formal thought disorder if accompanied by either blunted or inappropriate affect, delusinos or hallucinations or disorganized behaviour
What is the duration criteria for NIMHR?
Signs of illness have lasted at least 2 weeks from onset of a noticeable change in patients usual condition
What is the exclusion criteria for NIMHR?
Differential diagnosis with affective disorders
At no time during active period of illness being considered did patient meet full criteria for manic or depressive syndrome
How many patients with schizophrenia exhibit first-rank symptoms?
58%
How long are acute psychotic episodes diagnosed up to as per ICD?
1 month
How long can diagnosis of acute psychotic episode be valid for?
3 months
Subtypes of schizophrenia
Paranoid Hebephrenic Catatonic Residual Simple Undifferentiated Chronic (not subtype but descriptive term)
Most prominent symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia?
Delusions or auditory hallucinations
Less prominent features of paranoid schizophrenia
Catatonic behaviour
Flat/inappropriate affect
Disorganized speech or behaviour
Which type of schizophrenia has the poorest prognosis?
Hebephrenic
Most prominent symptoms of hebephrenic schizophrenia?
Disorganized speech or behaviour and flat or inappropriate affect.
Impaired social and occupational functioning.
Poor self care
Extreme social behaviour
Disorganized behaviour
Which type of schizophrenia is most common in developing countries?
Catatonic; acute, episode course with complete symptom remission
Most prominent symptoms in catatonic schizophrenia?
Motoric immobility Excessive motor activity Extreme negativism or mutism Posturing, stereotypy, mannerisms, grimacing Echolalaia or echopraxia (Minimumum of 2 needed)
Less prominent features of catatonic schizophrenia
Oneiroid (dream life) state
Visual hallucinations
Most prominent features of schizophrenia
Full blown acute episode in past
Current negative symptoms or attenuated forms of 2 or more generic symptoms
What is simple schizophrenia?
Indsiduous development of negative symptoms without evidence of positive symptoms.
Rare.
Increasing emotional bluntness.
Occassional psychotic episodes support diagnosis.
What is chronic schizophrenia?
Persistent disability for 2 years or longer
Forms of catatonic schizophrenia
- excited catatonia
- stuporous catatonia
- catatonia alternating between excitement and stupor
What does ICD 10 recommend for confident diagnosis of hebephrenic schizophrenia?
Continuous observation for 2-3 months
What characterizes hebephrenic schizophrenia?
Thought disorder
Severe loosening of associations
Emotional disturbance; inappropriate affect, blunted affect or senseless giggling
Abnormal mannerisms
What is hebephrenic schizophrenia called in DSM IV?
Disorganized schizophrenia
Delusions and hallucinations in simple schizophrenia?
Absent
If present, short lasting and poorly systematised
Duration criteria for simple schizophrenia
1 year
In acute and transient psychotic disorders, what is described as acute?
Onset within 2 weeks
In acute and transient psychotic disorders, what is called abrupt?
Onset within 48 hours
What is the rule for recovery in acute and transient psychotic disorders?
Complete recovery within 2-3 months
What happens in acute polymorphic psychosis?
Several hallucinations and delusions change in both type and intensity from day to day or even same day
What is needed for a diagnosis of schizotypal disorder?
At least 2 years of never being diagnosed with schizophrenia.
What are the dimensions of rating severity of core symptoms of schizophrenia in DSM?
Delusions Hallucinations Depression Mania Abnormal cognition Abnormal psychomotor behaviour Disorganized speech Negative symptoms
Which core positive symptom (at least 1) is needed for a diagnosis of schizophrenia under DSM?
1 of
delusions
hallucinations
disorganized speech
What are persistent delusional disorders characterized by?
Persistent, often life-long, typically non-bizarre delusion arising insidiously in mid-life or later.
Transient auditory hallucinations may occur
How long do symptoms need to be present for diagnosis of persistent delusional disorder in both ICD and DSM?
ICD: 3 months
DSM: 1 month
Which classification system states in persistent delusional disorder the delusions cannot be bizarre?
ICD
Types of delusional disorders
Erotomania (de Clerambault syndrome) Grandiosity Jealousy (Othello syndrome) Persecutory Somatic Mixed andunspecified
What is Othello syndrome?
Delusion of infidelity; patients believe their spouse/partner has been unfaithful.
What is induced delusional disorder?
Sharing of delusions between 2 or more people who often have tight emotional bonds.
Only one has an underlying psych disorder.
The other, on separation, may give up these delusions.
What is folie a deux?
Induced delusional disorder
What are schizodepressive episodes associated with?
FHx of schizophrenia
Usually less florid
Response to treatment variable; may develop chronic negative symptoms.
What characterises schizomanic episodes?
Manic symptoms florid
Recovery within weeks
FHx of affective disorders
Respond well to mood stabilisers
What is Bouffee delirante?
Sudden onset psychosis
Polymorphous delusions and hallucinations
Clouded consciousness with emotional instability
Rapid return to premorbid level of functioning
Relapses may occur
What characterizes Bouffee delirante?
Caused by psychosocial factors which determine content and form of the disorder
People have a good tendency to recover
Who first described process schizophrenia?
Langfeldt (1939)
What did Langfeldt divide schizophrenia into?
Poor prognosis: genuinine/process schizophrenia
Good prognosis: schizophreniform psychosis
Who coined the term cycloid psychoses?
Leonhard (1957)
What is cycoid psychoses?
Endogenous psychotic syndromes characterized by sudden onset, affective symptoms and schizophrenia symptoms and a pashic course.
Subdivisions of cycloid psychoses?
Motility
Confusional
Anxiety-blissfulness
Who are cycloid psychoses more common in?
Severe postpartum psychiatric disorders
More common in women
How did Perris describe cycloid psychosis?
Good outcome
High risk of recurrence
Mood swings
Characteristics of cycloid psychoses according to Perris
Mood swings
2 of the following:
Perplexity/confusion
Delusions or hallucinations not congruent with mood
Motility disturbance (hypo or hyperkinesia)
Episodes of elation and states of overwhelming anxiety (pananxiety)
Duration for Major Depressive Disorder in DSM IV?
Most of the day nearly everyday for at least 2 weeks
Duration for major depressive disorder for ICD 10?
Duration of at least two weeks
Criterion of MDD for DSM IV?
5 or more symptoms
At least 2 symptom is either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
Symptoms in DSM-IV MDD?
Depressed mood
Loss of interest
Significant weight loss (5% in one month) or gain, or decrease/increase in appetite
Insomnia/hyperosmnia
Psychomotor agitation/retardation
Fatigue/loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness/excessive/inappropriate guilt
Reduced ability to think/concentrate/indecisiveness
Recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation w/o plan or attempt or specific plan
Criterion A of Depressive Disorder for ICD 10?
Depressed mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, reduced energy leading to increased fatigability and diminished activity
Criterion B for Depressive Disorder in ICD 10?
Common symptoms: Reduced conc and attention Reduced self-esteem and confidence Ideas of guilt and unworthiness Bleak and pessimistic views of future Ideas/acts of self-harm/suicide Disturbed sleep Diminished appetite
What is the 4-6-8 rule for depression in ICD 10?
For mild depression, at least 2 criterion A ‘core symptoms’ with 4 symptoms in total
For moderate depression, at least 2 criterion A with 6 symptoms in total
For severe, at least 2 criterion A with 8 symptoms in total
What is required for diagnosis of mild depression according to ICD 10?
At least 2 criterion A core symptoms with 4 symptoms in total
What is required for diagnosis of moderate depression according to ICD 10?
At least 2 criterion A with 6 symptoms in total
What is required for diagnosis of severe depression according to ICD 10?
At least 2 criterion A symptoms with 8 symptoms in total
Definition of recurrent MDD?
More than 1 episode of depression
Define recurrent MDD for ICD10?
At least 1 previous MDD at least 2 months prior
ICD 10 criteria for Bipolar?
At least 2 mood episodes with complete recovery between episodes
Depressive episode must be at least for 2 weeks, mania for 7 days
Hypomania for 4 days
Mixed episode for 2 weeks
How can bipolar be diagnosed for DSM IV?
With single manic episode
In which type of bipolar is there mixed states?
Type 1 only
How long does mania and depression naturally last for?
Mania - 4 months
Depressio - 6 months
Natural course of bipolar in the elderly?
Longer episodes of mania and depression
Short periods of inter-episodic remissions
More frequent episodes
What is mania or manic episode according to ICD 10?
Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood with 3 or more symptoms of mania.
Severe to impair occupational and social functioning
Duration for diagnosis of manic episode in DSM IV?
At least 1 week or less if hospitalized
Duration for diagnosis of manic episode for ICD 10?
At least one week unless in hospital
Criterion A for manic episode in DSM IV?
Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood
Criterion B for manic episode in DSM IV?
3 or more symptoms persisted (4 if mood is irritable) and present to significant degree.
Criterion B criteria for manic episode in DSM IV?
Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
More talkative/pressure to talk
Flight of ideas/subjective racing of thoughts
Distractability
Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with high potential for painful consequences
Criteria for manic episode in ICD 10
At least 3 present (4 if mood is irritable) with interference in personal functioning:
Increased activity or physical restlessness
Increased talkativeness
Flight of ideas/thoughts racing
Loss of normal social inhibitions resulting in inappropriate behaviour
Decreased sleep
Inflated self-esteem/grandiosity
Distractability/constant change in plans
Reckless behaviour with risks patient doesn’t recognise
Marked sexual energy or sexual indiscretions
Types of psychotic features in manic episode?
Changeable in quality
Auditory hallucinations tend to be second person and consistent with persons mood
ICD 10 definition of hypomania
Similar to mania but evident to lesser degree and not severe enough to interfere with functioning or require admission to hospital or psychotic features
What is bipolar mixed state?
Manic and depressive symptoms occur simultaneously, present everyday for at least 1 week in DSM IV and 2 weeks for ICD 10
DSM IV or ICD 10 contains terms rapid cycling, postpartum onset and seasonal pattern?
DSM IV
What is rapid cycling?
At least 4 episodes of bipolar within 1 year
Which gender is most likely to have rapid cycling?
70-80% are women
What factors are associated with rapid cycling?
TCAs Low thyroxine Female Bipolar Type 2 Neurological disease
What is ultra-rapid cycling?
Fluctuations are over days or hours
What is postpartum onset of bipolar?
Onset of mania or hypomania or depression within 4 weeks of childbirth
What is seasonal pattern of bipolar?
Recurrences over several years with most episodes starting and ending at same time each year
What is secondary mania?
Due to substance misuse or drugs like levo-dopa and steroids.
Organic conditions
Which organic conditions can cause secondary mania?
Thyroid disease
MS
Lesions in cortical or subcortical areas of brain
What is Bipolar 3?
Minimal depression complicated by antidepressant-induced hypomania
What type of disorders are dysthymia and cyclothymia?
Persistent affective disorder
What are persistent affective disorders?
Ones which fail to meet criteria for severity but are of long duration and cause impairment
What is dysthymia?
Chronic, mildly depressed mood and diminished enjoyment, not severe enough to be considered depressive illness
Clinical features of dysthymia?
<2 years of depressed mood
Other symptoms as per depression
What is double depression?
Episodes of MDD superimposed on dysthymia; prognosis and treatment may be worse
What is cyclothymia?
Oscillating high and low moods without having significant manic or depressive episode
Unrelated to life events
Depression and seasons?
Reversed biological features in winter
Diagnosis for SAD in ICD 10?
3 or more affective episodes, with onset within same 90 day period of the year, for 3 or more consecutive years.
Remissions occur within defined 90 day period of the year.
Common onset and resolution of SAD?
Onset: autumn/winter
Resolution: spring/summer
Treatment for SAD
Phototherapy
What is phototherapy?
Bright light (10,000 lux) exposure daily for 2 hours. Maintenance treatment given for few months until usual time of remission
Duration for diagnosis of GAD in ICD-10?
6 months (at least) Symptoms present on most days during these 6 months
What is required for diagnosis of GAD re ICD 10?
At least 4, with at least 1 from autonomic arousal, symptoms present: Symptoms of autonomic arousal Physical symptoms Mental state symptoms General symptoms Symptoms of tension Other
What are symptoms of autonomic arousal for GAD?
Palpitations Tachycardia Sweating Trembling/shaking Dry mouth
What are physical symptoms of GAD?
Breathing difficulties
Choking sensation
CP/discomfort
Nausea/abdominal distress
What are mental state symptoms in GAD?
Feeling dizzy Unsteady Faint/light headed Derealisation/depersonalization Fear of losing control/going crazy/passing out/dying
What are some general symptoms of GAD?
Muscle tension/aches and pains
Restlnessness/inability to relax
Feeling keyed up/on edge/mentally tense
Sensation of lump in throat/difficulty swallowing
What are the ‘other’ symptoms of GAD?
Exaggerated response to minor surprises/being startled
Concentration difficulties/mind going blank due to worry
Persistent irritability
Difficulty getting to sleep due to worrying
Characteristics of panic attack
Starts abruptly
Reaches peak within few minutes (10)
Starts to subside within 20-30 minutes
No obvious precipitants