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Intro to Psych - SP20 #1 > Classical Conditioning (Pavlov + that) > Flashcards

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov + that) Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘learning’

A

Relatively enduring change in behaviour resulting from experience

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2
Q

What is learning based on?

A

Associating events in time

Connects stimuli to responses

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3
Q

What is CLASSICAL conditioning?

A

Association of NEW EVENT w/INNATE REFLEX (ex. knee-jerk)

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4
Q

What is OPERANT conditioning?

A

Association of NEW EVENT w/VOLUNTARY behaviour

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5
Q

What does Pavlov believe as a behaviourist?

A

That we should focus on OBSERVABLE behaviour

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6
Q

What did Pavlov study?

A

Physiology of digestion - unlearned the automatic salivary reflex

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7
Q

DEFINE: Unconditioned Stimulus

A

a stimulus that is not learner.

Produces a reflexive response

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8
Q

DEFINE: Unconditioned Response

A

a response that is reflexive

Ex. salivation

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9
Q

What is a NEUTRAL STIMULUS?

A

something that occurs but doesn’t cause the UR

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10
Q

Describe how a CR is formed*****

A
  • repeated trials cause connections to form between NS and US -> causes UR
  • this repeats, and the NS becomes the conditioned stimulus.

Ex. dog associates salivating (UR) with bell ringing (NS)

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11
Q

What is EXTINCTION?

A

When the cue is no longer predictive of the US
CS-CR association weakens
the learned thing goes back to being a NS

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12
Q

Can extinguished associations recover?

A

YES.

  • CS-CR association is weakened NOT erased.
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13
Q

What is generalisation?

A

a stimulus like the initial stimulus* can also prod. a CR

*NOT IDENTICAL TO ORIGINAL STIMULUS

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14
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

Similar stimuli that do not signal US will NOT prod. CR

If you don’t pair similar things then a response won’t happen

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15
Q

Define ‘phobia’

A

Acquired fear out of proportion to the real threat. Generalisation from experience

Ex. Little Albert

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16
Q

Describe what ‘Conditioned Taste Aversion’ is

A

When you avoid a food due to a bad experience&raquo_space; ex:

  • pie is the NS
  • Flu is the UCS
  • nausea is the UCR
  • the pie becomes paired w/ the flu
  • pie becomes the CS that causes nausea
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17
Q

Why doesn’t classical conditioning explain everything?

A

Because some forms of learning aren’t linked to reflexes

18
Q

What was E. Thorndike’s theory?

A

Instrumental learning: people keep doing something if there is a positive outcome

[ex. the cat in the puzzle box&raquo_space; learns how to open it and then repeats the action faster]

19
Q

What is the Law of Effect? [E. Thorndike]

A

behaviour leads to a satisfying outcome is more likely to be repeated in the future (learning curve idea).

20
Q

What did B.F. Skinner do?

A

looked into the observable effects on the environment

21
Q

What is an operant and how does it affect conditioning?

A

Operant = behaviour whose consequences affect future behaviour.

  • learn from the consequences
  • this increases/decreases chance of future behaviour.
22
Q

What do we focus on when testing the effects of operants?

A

OBSERVABLES

23
Q

What is a reinforcement?

A

increases the likelihood that a behaviour will be repeated

24
Q

reinforcers can be ____?

A

positive or negative

25
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

presentation of a pleasant stimulus to increase behaviour

Ex. providing money for doing a chore

26
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

removal of an annoying stimulus that increases behvaiour.

Ex. putting on your seatbelt to stop the beeping in the car&raquo_space; gonna keep putting the seatbelt on quicker

27
Q

What is a punisher?

A

a stimulus that decreases likelihood that the response will be repeated.

28
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

presentation of an aversive stimulus to decrease behaviour.

Ex. rat receives a shock each time it presses the lever&raquo_space; will stop pressing the lever

29
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

removal of something pleasant to decrease behaviour.

Ex. losing car keys/being grounded

30
Q

Is reinforcement or punishment more effective?

A

reinforcement

31
Q

What are the 4 schedule types?

A
  • fixed ratio
  • variable ratio
  • fixed interval
  • variable interval
32
Q

What is fixed interval reinforcement?

A

feedback after a fixed interval [ex. receiving your paycheck every 2 weeks]

33
Q

What is variable interval reinforcement?

A

feedback after a variable/random time interval?

34
Q

What’s beneficial about variable reinforcement?

A

it’s harder to forget

35
Q

What is fixed ratio reinforcement?

A

feedback after a fixed number of responses

  • rate of reinforcement does not change
    ex. factory worker paid by the number of widgets they produce
36
Q

What is variable ratio reinforcement?

A

feedback after an average number of responses

37
Q

Why does variable ratio reinforcement prod. highest rates of behaviour?

A

you never know when you’ll receive reinforcement so you’re likely to repeat the behaviour.

38
Q

what’s the difference between ratio and interval reinforcement?

A

ratio: based on # of responses
interval: based on a specific unit of time

39
Q

what’s the difference between fixed and variable reinforcement?

A

fixed: reinforcement given consistently after specific time ratio/intervals
variable: reinforcement provied at different rates/times.

40
Q

what is shaping?

A

repeated reinforcement of behaviour similar to desired behaviour.

  • successive approximations of desired behaviour
    ex. rewarding child w/autism for each step towards wearing glasses
41
Q

Describe Bandura’s social learning experiment.

A

3 groups of kids watched movies where violence was:

1) rewarded
2) punished
3) violence had no consequences

42
Q

What were the findings from bandura’s experiment?

A

group 1 = more aggressive

group 2 = less aggressive

Intro to Psych - SP20 #1 (6 decks)

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