Classical Conditioning & Pavlov's Research (approaches | LA: the Behaviourist Approach)

Question 1

The behaviourist approach assumes that: everyone is

Answer 1

born as a ‘blank slate’ which life writes upon (Watson, 1930)

Question 2

The behaviourist approach assumes that: all behaviour

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is learned from the environment e.g. upbringing, neighbourhood, peers, education

Question 3

The behaviourist approach assumes that: behaviour can be understood via a

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stimulus-response approach (classical conditioning)

Question 4

The behaviourist approach assumes that: behaviour can be understood via the

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mechanisms of reward and reinforcement(operant conditioning)

Question 5

a stimulus-response approach is

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classical conditioning

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the mechanisms of reward and reinforcement is

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operant conditioning

Question 7

The behaviourist approach assumes that: behaviours

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which can be directly observed only, can be measured

Question 8

The behaviourist approach assumes that: behaviours which can be directly observed only can be measured: imitation

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of specific aggressive behaviours can be observed and measured

Question 9

The behaviourist approach assumes that: behaviours which can be directly observed only can be measured: memory

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cannot be measured as it cannot be directly observed

Question 10

The behaviourist approach assumes that: lab-based, scientific methods

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are the only way that behaviour can be studied

Question 11

The behaviourist approach assumes that: animal research

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may be used as a basis for understanding human behaviour

Question 12

The behaviourist approach assumes that: repeated

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behaviours become internalised and automatic

Question 13

The behaviourist approach assumes that: repeated behaviours become internalised and automatic e.g.

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hearing the bell ring for the end of the lesson triggers packing away and moving to the next lesson without any real thought involved

Question 14

The behaviourist approach assumes that: classical conditioning and operant conditioning

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underpin the principles of behaviourism

Question 15

The behaviourist approach assumes that which two things underpin the principles of behaviourism

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classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 16

classical Conditioning (CC) is

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learning via association and is one of the core assumptions of the behaviourist approach

Question 17

CC occurs when

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a neutral stimulus is substituted for the original unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

Question 18

An unconditioned stimulus produces

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a natural, unforced response i.e. no animal or human has to learn how to feel hunger

Question 19

The mechanisms of CC are as follows: the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is

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the starting point

Question 20

The mechanisms of CC are as follows: the US is

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a stimulus that produces an unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 21

The mechanisms of CC are as follows: the US is a stimulus that produces an unconditioned response (UCR): food is

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an UCS as it is a natural, physiological reflexThe UCR to food being presented is to salivate/feel hungry

Question 22

The mechanisms of CC are as follows: the UCS is paired

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with a neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 23

The mechanisms of CC are as follows: the UCS is paired with a neutral stimulus (NS): one which

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ordinarily and on its own, does not produce a strong response (neither positive nor negative) e.g. a tone being sounded

Question 24

The mechanisms of CC are as follows: when the UCS is paired

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with the NS the response continues to be the UCR, as a result of the UCS

Question 25

The mechanisms of CC are as follows: after repeated pairings

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the NS is presented on its own and elicits the UCR e.g. salivation

Question 26

The mechanisms of CC are as follows: the NS has thus become

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the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the salivation has become the conditioned response (CR)

Question 27

The mechanisms of CC are as follows: when the CS

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is presented it will result in the CR

Question 28

The mechanisms of CC are as follows: the CR is

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generally not as strong as the UCR

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The mechanisms of CC are as follows: after some time

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the NS must be paired with the UCS again otherwise extinction will occur

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extinction is when

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the NS fails to elicit the CR

Question 31

the mechanisms of classical conditioning were discovered accidentally by

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Pavlov (1897), a physiologist who was measuring the volume of specific enzymes in dog saliva

Question 32

Pavlov had been working with dogs in his lab:

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the dogs were attached to an apparatus which held them in place and collected their saliva

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Pavlov noticed that the dogs began to salivate before they saw or smelt their food

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they began to salivate when they heard the footsteps of the lab assistants approaching (the dogs had learned that these footsteps = food)

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Pavlov was astounded by this discovery as he believed

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the dogs should only salivate when presented with the UCS - food - rather than an NS (footsteps)

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To test what he had just discovered he set up the following procedure:

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- the dog is given food as usual (UCS) - the dog salivates when it sees and smells the food (UCR) - a bell is sounded (NS) every time the dog is given food (UCS) - a bell is sounded every time the food is presented (the pairing of NS and UCS) - after repeated pairings, the dog salivates when it hears the bell - the bell has become the CS - the dog salivating to the sound of the bell has become the CR - the dog continues to salivate to the bell however when Pavlov stopped pairing the bell and the food he found that the CR decreased and gradually disappeared (known as 'extinction')

Question 36

Pavlov's classical conditioning procedure diagram

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Question 37

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Strengths: - The use of

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scientific methods (e.g. lab experiments)

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Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Strengths - The use of scientific methods (e.g. lab experiments), reliability

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is based on the use of a testable hypothesis

Question 39

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Strengths - The use of scientific methods (e.g. lab experiments), hypothesis

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testing takes place in controlled conditions using standardised, replicable procedures

Question 40

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Strengths - The use of scientific methods (e.g. lab experiments), the above measures produce results

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which should show consistency over time

Question 41

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Strengths - The use of scientific methods (e.g. lab experiments), thus

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research into behaviourism has good reliability

Question 42

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Strengths - Behaviourism takes a

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nomothetic approach which is a strength as it seeks to establish general laws of behaviour which can be applied universally to all people

Question 43

nomothetic approach is

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an approach that aims to establish general principles and laws through quantitative research methods that involve studying large samples of individuals to identify patterns or trends across populations

Question 44

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Limitations - Whilst classical conditioning

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may explain some forms of behaviour, it cannot explain all behaviour

Question 45

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Limitations - Whilst classical conditioning may explain some forms of behaviour, it cannot explain all behaviour, e.g. behaviour which is

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spontaneous or original e.g. dyeing your hair bright blue

Question 46

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Limitations - Whilst classical conditioning may explain some forms of behaviour, it cannot explain all behaviour, e.g. behaviour which

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resists conditioning e.g. someone who has been brought up in a strict religious environment who goes on to reject that religion

Question 47

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Limitations - Whilst classical conditioning may explain some forms of behaviour, it cannot explain all behaviour, this means

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that classical conditioning has limited external validity

Question 48

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Limitations - Behaviourism is highly

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deterministic (environmental determinism)

Question 49

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Limitations - Behaviourism is highly deterministic (environmental determinism), the assumption is

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that people are controlled by environmental forces and have little autonomy over their destiny

Question 50

Evaluation of classical conditioning & Pavlov's research Limitations - Behaviourism is highly deterministic (environmental determinism), the assumption is that people are controlled by environmental forces and have little autonomy over their destiny, this assumption

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negates the role of free will in behaviour which reduces the usefulness of the approach, seeing people in almost mechanical terms