Classical Conditioning in Real Life

Question 1

Who founded American Behaviorism, and was one of the first psychologists to recognize real-life implications of Pavlovian Theory?

Answer 1

-John B. Watson

Question 2

How do advertising techniques take advantage of classical conditionings role in emotional responses?

Answer 2

• they put sounds and images in their advertisements that act as an US for feelings of pleasure from the viewer
• they hope their ad will become a CS through association with the pleasurable images, and that viewers will respond with pleasure at the sight of their ads

Question 3

A person can learn to fear something if…

Answer 3

-it is paired with something that elicits pain, fear, embarrassment

Question 4

Are human beings biologically primed to acquire some fears more readily than others?

Answer 4

-yes

Question 5

What may contribute to the emotional underpinnings of prejudice?

Answer 5

• theorists believe evolution instilled in humans a readiness to learn to fear unfamiliar members of ethnic groups that differ from their own
• this tendency resists extinction

Question 6

Define– phobia

Answer 6

-when fear of an object or situation becomes irrational and interferes with normal functioning

Question 7

How can fears be eliminated?

Answer 7

-counterconditioning

Question 8

Explain– counterconditioning

Answer 8

-pairing the CS with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with the unwanted CR

Question 9

What procedure is a variation of counterconditioning, and is used in treating adult phobias?

Answer 9

-systematic desensitization

Question 10

The acquisition of conditioned fear appears to involve a receptor in ________ for the neurotransmitter __________.

Answer 10

• the amygdala

- glutamate

Question 11

What could explain why some people are more likely to become anxious and fearful?

Answer 11

-genetic differences

Question 12

Explained learned reactions to food and odors.

Answer 12

food-NS, paired with a negative feeling or symptom that can be unrelated, can become a CS. Meaning the food will elicit the negative responses from the seemingly unrelated negative symptoms

Question 13

There is an existence of a greater biological readiness to associate sickness with _____ over ______ and ________.

Answer 13

• taste
• sight
• sound

Question 14

Reactions to medical treatment may _________ to stimuli that are unrelated to the treatment itself.

Answer 14

-generalized

Question 15

Can mental images become CS for the negative feelings of medical treatment?

Answer 15

-yes

Question 16

_________ can affect the brain in much the same way as real treatments do.

Answer 16

-placebos

Question 17

• real drugs are the….
• their relief is…….
• placebos can become….

Answer 17

• unconditioned stimulus
• unconditioned response
• conditioned stimulus