Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych101: 9-Learning and Conditioning > Chapter Review > Flashcards

Chapter Review Flashcards

1
Q

Learning as a result of observable acts and events without reference to mental entities such as mind or will refers to the field of…

A

-behaviorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conditioning involves associations between…

A

-environmental stimuli and an organism’s responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define: learning

A

-a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define: classical conditioning

A

-process by which a neutral stimulus elicits a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define: unconditioned stimulus

A

-stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in absence of learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define: unconditioned response

A

-reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define: conditioned stimulus

A

-an initially neutral stimulus that elicits a reflexive response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define: conditioned response

A

-response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Classical conditioning: extinction

A

-gradual disappearance of CR after CS is repeatedly presented without US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Classical conditioning: higher-order conditioning

A

-a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being associated with an already established CS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Classical conditioning: counterconditioning

A

-gradual disappearance of CR by pairing the CS with a stimulus that elicits an incompatible response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Classical conditioning: stimulus generalization

A

-stimulus similar to the CS come to elicit similar CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Classical conditioning: stimulus discrimination

A

-stimulus similar to the CS will elicit different CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Classical conditioning appears to be an evolutionary adaptation that allows an organism…..

A

-to prepare for a biologically important event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Classical conditioning plays an important role in…

A
  • learned fears and phobias
  • positive emotional responses
  • acquired tastes and odors
  • reactions to stimuli associated with medical treatments
  • reactions to placebos
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Operant conditioning is associated with the work of…

A

-B.F. Skinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define: operant conditioning

A

-when a response is more or less likely to occur depending on its consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Operant conditioning: extinction

A

-when a behavior is no longer followed by the consequence that reinforced it

19
Q

Operant conditioning: stimulus generalization

A

-stimuli that resemble those present in original learning elicit similar responses

20
Q

Operant conditioning: stimulus discrimination

A

-responses occur in the presence of one stimulus but not to stimuli that resemble those originally present (they differ on some dimension)

21
Q

What are the 2 different schedules of reinforcement?

A
  • continuous reinforcement

- intermittent schedule of reinforcement

22
Q

What type of reinforcement leads to fastest learning?

A

-continuous reinforcement

23
Q

What type of reinforcement makes a response resistant to extinction?

A

-intermittent schedule of reinforcement

24
Q

Shaping is used to train behaviors through reinforcement of ____________ until the desired behavior occurs.

A

-successive approximation

25
Q

Define: instinctive drift

A

-tendency for an organism to revert to instinctive behavior

26
Q

Behavior modification is also known as…

A

-applied behavioral analysis

27
Q

Define: behavior modification

A

-application of conditioning techniques to eliminate behavioral problems or teach new responses

28
Q

Define: reinforcer

A

-strengthens a response or makes it more likely to recur

29
Q

Define: punisher

A

-weakens a response or makes it less likely to recur

30
Q

Define: primary reinforcer

A

-strengthens responses because it satisfied a biological need

31
Q

Define: primary punisher

A

-a stimulus that produces discomfort

32
Q

Define: secondary reinforcer

A

-gains reinforcing properties through association with another reinforcer (strengthens response)

33
Q

Define: secondary punisher

A

-gains punishing properties through association with another punisher

34
Q

Define: positive reinforcement

A

-response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity, of a reinforcing stimulus

35
Q

Define: negative reinforcement

A

-response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus

36
Q

In positive punishment…

A

-something negative follows the response

37
Q

In negative punishment…

A

-something positive is taken away following a response

38
Q

Rewards are often misused, being given…

A

-indiscriminately, unrelated to desired behavior

39
Q

Exclusive reliance on ________ reinforcement can sometimes undermine the power or ___________ reinforcement.

A
  • extrinsic

- intrinsic

40
Q

Punishment often fails when…

A
  • administered inappropriately
  • recipients respond with fear, anxiety, or anger
  • effective temporarily depending on the presence of the punishing person
  • punishment is too delayed to be effective
  • punishment does not convey what SHOULD be done appropriately
  • punishment brings attention, inadvertently rewarding behavior
41
Q

______ learning is not immediately expressed in performance.

A

-latent

42
Q

Latent learning can occur without…

A

-obvious reinforvers

43
Q

Latent learning involves acquiring…

A

-knowledge about responses and their consequences

44
Q

Social-cognitive theories focus on ________ learning and the role played by beliefs, interpretations, and other _______.

A
  • observational

- cognitions

Psych101: 9-Learning and Conditioning (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions