classical conditioning Flashcards
what is classical conditioning?
is the process of learning through associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus which produces a natural unconditioned response
what is an unconditioned stimulus
any stimulus that produces a natural, unlearnt response
give an example of an unconditioned stimulus
food
what is the neutral stimulus
a thing whic h isn’t associated with the unconditioned response - can be any environmental stimulus that doesn’t naturally produce a behavioural response
what is unconditioned response
any response that occurs naturally without learning
give an example to an unconditioned response
salivating to food
what is a conditioned stimulus
a new stimulus that has been associated with the ucs so that it now produces the same response on its own
what is the conditioned response
is behaviour that is elicited (a reaction )by the conditioned stimulus
what is extinction
the learned response has been extinguished
what is spontaneous recovery
showws the association between the buzzer and salivation has not been completely extinguished
what is generalisation
the conditioned response can be triggered by a similar stimulus
pavlovs dogs- generalisability
low generalisability as it used dogs to study the mechanism of cc and humans and dogs brains are structurally different as we have a bigger calendar cortex in order to allow more complex processing therefore humans may respond differently to cc
reliability in pavlov
the study had a very standardised procedure as pavlov ensured that each ti,e thepairing was sound followed by food as this allows for replication of the study to test for reliability in order for us to make accurate predictions for human behaviour
validity for pavlov
pavlov had good internal validity as he operationalise the dependent variable by recording the amount of drool thes dog produced during conditioning and the after conditioning process as this is an objective scientific measure to ensure the drool as a result of the food presentation and not confounding variables
ethics in pavlov
pavlov can be claimed to have improperly caged the dogs as the dogs were in a small room with also being tied in a horned for periods of time during the study and had to have surgery to insert cannulas in order to catch the drool as this was justified to ensure credibvality to the findings as control of the situational variable. allowe clear cause and effect
what is a positive reinforcer
anything pleasant that is given to you when the desired behaviour is performed
what is a negative reinforcer
is when something unpleasant is removed after the desired behaviour is performed
when a positive reinforcer is used what happens to the probability of the behaviour being repeated
it increases
when a negative reinforcer is performed what is the probability of the desirable behaviour being repeated
it increases
what is primary reinforces
directly receiving the reward
what is secondary reinforcer
tokens,money or stickers to enable you to get a primary reinforcer
what is punishment
causing some kind of physical or mental distress
what is continuous (schedules or reinforcement) and how can it lose its effect
it is where the desired effect is reinforced every time it occurs , it can lose its effect quickly as the reward gets boring and predictable
what is fixed ratio (schedules of reinforcement)
ie every 5th 10th 20th regular correct response is reinforced
what is variable ratio (schedules of reinforcement)
where the number of necessary correct responses is constantly altered
what is fixed interval (schedules of reinforcement)
is reinforcement that is made once every fixed number of minutes so long as there has been at least one correct response during that time
what is variable interval (schedules of reinforcement )
reinforcement is made at different time periods
eg of continuous
rewarded every time you do well in exams
example of fixed ratio
leaflet dropping
example of variable ratio
slot machines
example of fixed interval
paid monthly at work
example of variable interval
playing the national lottery
