classical ( and contemptory) studies RESULTS Flashcards
RAINE
amygdala: left
control=97
murderer=94
right:
control=83
murderer= 88
lateral prefontal lobes - left
control: 1.12
murderer= 1.09
right
control 1.14
murderer= 1.11
What could the pre-frontal deficits account for in terms of behaviour? - reduced activity/ glucose metabolism
Damage = impulsivity, lack of self-control, immaturity, altered emotionality, inability to modify behaviour which in turn can facilitate aggressive acts
What about abnormality in the amygdala? - increased in right reduced in left
Limbic system associated with aggression, amygdala also has a role in recognition of affective and socially significant stimuli. In humans, reduction in autonomic arousal leading to fearlessness of violence.
deficits in the amygdala which regulates fight or flight and processes emotions could
lead to cold, blunted emotions & calculated, hostile behaviour
The left side of the amygdala is activated in an event and increases as the prospect of fear increases. This suggests any kind of damage to the amygdala results in lessened fear, lessen perception of danger and fear and facial expressions
left amygdala- more enhanced in females and is associated with thought, understanding emotions & reward and motivation
brendgen
social aggression - teacher ratings
genetic 20%
shared enviro 20%
non shared enviro 60%
peer ratings
genetic 23%
shared enviro 23%
non shared enviro 54%
teacher ratings- physical agression
physical agression
genetic 63%
shared enviro 0%
non shared enviro 37%
peer ratings
genetic 54%
share enviro 0%
non shared enviro 46%
Brendgan concludes that strong genetic component to physical aggression but not social aggression, which is more likely to be due to environmental affects, this is evident by the results where there was a much higher correlation between ratings of MZ twins on physical aggression that DZ twins
sherif
at the end of stage 2 outgroup friendships
rattlers 6.4%
eagles 7.5%
at the end of stage 3 outgroup friendships rattlers 36.4%
eagles 23.2%
milgram
Although, the costs may be justified by the results we have gained from this study 65% of ppt went up to 450v which is said to present ‘ complete obedience’ and 100% went up to 300v
those who went up to the full 450v seemed to experience extreme anxiety much as: sweating, trembling, stuttered speech and 1 participant had a seizure to an extent where the study had to come to a halt
during the questionnaire that was completed by ppts months later 2% stated that they are not happy with their involvement in the study
variation 7 telephone
down to 9 (20.5%),
variation 10- office block
48%), 2 ppts refusing to give the lowest voltage of 15v
variation 13 ordinary man
20 participants did this Variation and only 4 (20%) obeyed by going to 450V
13A- rebel ppts 11 (68.75%) allowed the confederate to go to 450V.
burger - contemp
70% carried on after 150v and milgrims study where 82.5% went up to the full 450v
and that time and changes in society’s culture didn’t have an influence on obedience levels may not be credible.
However, burgers study did confirm that it was highly likely that the same situational factors that were around at the time of milgrams study are still around today and people are still highly likely to obey authority figures even if it goes against their own morals, burger emphasises this as he changed multiple aspects of the study like the location, time period, genders, the prescnece of another confederate and yet still found high levels of obedience highlighting the power authority has over us which can be applied to real life scinarios like in schools and workplaces, demonstrating the importance of having a clear hierarchy to ensure that people follow authorities
loftus and palmer
smashed 40.5
collided 39.3
hit 34.0
bumped 38.1
contacted 31.8
Experiment 2 = smashed condition- yes = 0.32 compared to 0.14- stat significant in chi
squared test p<0.05
Smashed = 10.46mph, hit = 8mph
Concluded that the effect of the verb distorts memory
howells
SCQ- pre treatment mean
control, 2.31
treatment 2.8,
post treatment mean,
control 3.12,
treatment 4.32.
- most improved individuals were those who were most motivated to change, those with the most intense anger and least control in the beginning, control group had positive outcomes purely from using the questionnaire which strengthens the application of the study- predicted via questionnaire.
bandura 1961
On average boys watching a male role model imitated 25.8 aggressive acts compared to only 12.4 when watching a female.
And females imitated 5.5 when watching a non aggressive female but only 2.5 when watching a non aggressive female.
bandura 1963
The results from this study found that there wasn’t a significant differenced between live and symbolic role models.
The total mean of aggressive acts imitated for
live model,83,
filmed model 92,
cartoon model 99,
control 54.
bandura 1965
The results from this study found that children were much more likely to imitate behaviour if they observed a role model being rewarded compared to watching a role model being punished both with no incentive e.g.,
girls watching a role model rewarded with no incentive imitated around 1.9
although when watching the role model being punished with no incentive they imitated around 0.5 aggressive acts.
However, when there became an incentive to imitate acts the imitation from watching punished role models rose from 0.5
for girls to around 3.2 aggressive acts
capafons
Results found that there were several significant reductions in the fear of flying in the
treatment group e.g., fear during flight before was 25.6 compared to after 13.3
control fear during flight before 26.0 and after 35.8
demonstrating a significant reduction in fear of those who had undertaken the therapy. This lead to the conclusion that systematic desensitisation successfully worked to reduce the fear of flying, 90% of ppts improved.
baddeley
Results from this study include the following, those in the acoustically similar/ dissimilar groups by the forth trial are similar and quite high around 80/70% suggesting that little forgetting took place. Although the semantically similar group compared to the semantically dissimilar group was very different. Semantically dissimilar remembered around 85% of words by the forth test whereas semantically similar remembered only around 60% of words.
sebastian and hernandez gil
The results from this study were that children aged five had a very low digit span of 3.76, but at the age of6-8 this began to increase to 4.34. Digit span increased for Spanish ppts until the age of 17 with a digit span of 5.91, this demonstrates how digit span increases as children grew older and how until the age of 7/8 sub vocal rehearsal isnt present.
healthy elderly ppts, digit span was 4.4
Alzheimer’s 4.2
rosenhan
- 7/8 dissmissed with SZ in remission 1 was manic depression when were all sane
- 11/12 admittws pseudopatients with a diagnosis of SZ
- average time 19 days
between 7-52 days - in 3 cases writing behaviour seen as pathological behaviour by nurses
- in second study 41 patients were said to be s]pseudopatients by atleast 1 memebr of staff
6.7
Average number of times per shift physicians spent outside the area
11.5
Average amount of times nurses emerged from the cage
11.3
% of time attendants spent outside of glass quarters (the cage)
