Classic Theories of Human Development (Ch. 3) Flashcards
What is a theory
an attempt to explain a number of observations, a theory can be tested and disproven
Classification of developmental theories
Affective
Cognitive
Psychomotor
Theories of the affective domain (feeling, personality, temperament)
Freud, Erikson, Maslow, Kohlberg, Bowlby
Freud’s Theory of Personality development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital are the biologic stages
Key terms: id, ego, superego
Libido
Id: basic instincts and drives
Ego: intellectual activities and logical thought
Superego: conscience and awareness of right/wrong
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Viewed the lifespan as presenting a series of conflicts or crises that must be resolved, these can be resolved positively or negatively
Erikson’s 8 stages
Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Intimacy vs. isolation Identity vs. role confusion Generativity vs. Stagnation Ego integrity vs. Despair
Trust vs. mistrust stage
The infant must form a loving, trusting, relationship
Task: infants learn that needs will bet met; parents will return after leaving
Adverse resolution: fearful toward others
Birth to 1 year
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt stage
The child is motivated toward the development of functional movement
Task: differentiation of self wishes from others; learns control over basic physiologic functions and social exchange (saying no!)
Adverse resolution: insecurity, dependency
1-2 years
Initiative vs. guilt
The child is motivated by social challenges, becoming more confident
Task: begins to make or construct things in play; accepts parents as role models
Adverse resolution: belief that thoughts and actions are wrong, inferior, bad
3-5 years
Intimacy vs. isolation
There is pressure to develop intimate relationships in friendships and romances
Task: uses identity established in previous stages; forms intimate relations with friends, family, spouse
Young adult
Identity vs. role confusion
the individual is motivated to achieve a sense of identity in adult occupation roles
Task: importance of peer relationships; separation from parents; tries out new roles, integration of previous resolutions
Adverse: inability to identifty roles, establish a self-identity and awareness
Adolescence
Generativity vs. stagnation
The individual is motivated toward the development of satisfaction in chosen occupation roles
Task: becomes part of larger picture, wants to leave lasting mark on society through family and/or work
Adverse: believes life is meaningless, extreme self-absorption
Adult
Ego integrity vs. despair
The individual is motivated to seek a sense of fulfillment or life satisfaction
Task: belief that your life was worth living, made lasting contribution, minimal regrets
Adverse: regret for what they have done or have not done
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
Top: Self-actualization Self-esteem Intimacy and love Safety Physiologic and health needs
*Someone who is struggling with a particular stage will be “stuck” on that stage until they achieve it
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
