Class Notes Unit 3 Flashcards
What’s the form and content of intellect?
Content: knowledge
Form: ability
Orexis content
Conation (drives) + Affection (feelings)
Orexis forms
Many; but mental states and dispositions are 2 big ones
Do all orexis attributes fit into either mental state or disposition?
No. some don’t fit
Mental States vs. Dispositions
States: genuine duration (transient), results from interaction with environment, usually affective (but some connative states)
Dispositions: proclivities, needs ability to do it, inclination
Is mental state or mental disposition a frequency conecpt?
disposition is.
Are there hidden dispositions?
No. need ability and need to look for situations to do.
What’s an example of how line between state and disposition is blurred?
Anxiety; can be both a state and a disposition. state of being anxious vs. disposition to experience anxiety.
Affections vs. Feelings
Feelings are localized, affections are whole body
Hedonic Valence
how pleasant or unpleasant something is
Are there such things are affections with positive valence?
Maybe on average, but always exceptions. (some like to feel pain)
3 Kinds of Affections
Agitations: making me nauseous
Moods: influences tendencies to do things
Emotions: responses to adapt to situations
Motivation vs. Volition
motivation: can be aware or unaware
volition: purposeful
What’s wrong with sample of Depth Psych?
Mostly clinicians studying clients. Specific sample with possible disorders.
Depth Psychology why it’s called that?
Belief that core personality of someone is hidden under other peripheral attributes
Idiographic vs. Nomothetic
Idiographic: individual (differences). clinician’s concern
Nomothetic: applies to everyone (law-bearing). universal application
What evidence does depth psych get?
Clinician’s notes and observations of people’s recollections (naturalistic observations + data collection with clinical insturments)
What worldview did Freud have?
Materialistic
Psychodynamics
How things change over time
What did Cognitive School do to the term unconscious?
Added terms that mean the same thing (eg. tacit, implicit, etc.)
Descriptive vs. Systemic meanings of unconscious
Descriptive: unaware (not directed attention to it)
Systematic: (topographical)
bewusste (Conscious; CS)
unbewusste (Unconscious; UCS)
vorbewusste (Pre-conscious; PCS)
Topographical model relationship between CS PCS and UCS
It’s easy to go from Pcs to Cs, but Ucs to Cs is very hard. We fight for it not to be conscious. Needs special things like dreams for Ucs to go to Cs
3 components of Freud’s psychoanalysis
1) scientific method
2) for amoral therapy
3) a theory with personality involved
History of word “Trait”
Portrait –> Biologists used for characteristics (philosophical school –> biology) –> psych
Trait definition
We don’t have a definition but know what it is
Ontic status of traits
realist: traits exist in natural world regardless of knowledge of it; explains behavior
anti-realist: traits are summarizing statements of past behaviors (behaviorist); describes behavior
Within-situation consistency
Traits hold across particular or similar situations that only differ in time (necessary)
Cross-situation consistency
Traits hold across situations.
Absolute cross-situation: traits exist and situation doesn’t matter
Meaningful cross-situation: Given specific situation, more likely to exhibit behavior
Constitutional
biology-related, temperament
Situation-mould
Social; ex: punctuality
Literal meaning of character (greek?)
engraving
Psychological (metaphorical) meaning
Object’s qualities or defining quality; not a quantity. (usually have/don’t)
Reification
A fallacy; taking something abstract and thinking as if it exists
Biggest Orectic vs. Character diff
Orectic: Descriptive (observations)
Character: Normative (good/bad, standard, rule-governed)
Standards of Character
Morality (was tied to religion), obligation, permission
Telos
an ultimate goal or reason or purpose of why we do it
What did Aristotle believe about character?
Character is teleological
Eudaimonia
The telos of philosophy. Virtue?
More Orectic vs. Character diffs
Orectic: dispositional, frequency, affective (reactive)
Character: not dispositional, situation-moulded, connative (and intellective and affective and behavioral)
2 Big Catalogs for Personality
Big 5 and Five-Factor Model
Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics
Virtues: liabilities to think, feel, behave in ways to benefit others for flourishing
What do Aristotle’s virtues require?
Right aims, right mental state, right behavior
Enkrateia
Ability to regulate ourselves to achieve moral aim (not just self-control0
Phronesis
Intellective ability to do behavior that gets us to moral aims effectively
What’s needed for virtue (greek)?
Phronesis and Enkrateia
Vices (aristotle)
Liabilities to do things that benefit self
Values in Action (VIA)
Studied virtues as descriptive, not normative. Assumes 1st and 3rd person symmetry. Five-Factor parallel
Barnum Effect
vague statements that apply to most people (and are really worthless)
Why’s orectic more convoluted than intellective attributes?
Many more manifestations. Typical performance. Goodness criteria
Construction of Personality Assessments
Rational Approach, Criterion, Factor Analysis
Problems with rational approach
jingle fallacy (understandings of concept differs)
Disguise (orectic vs. intellective)
No need to disguise intellective but need for some orectics
Response Latitude
Range of responses (unstructured, semi structured, structured)
Anlage vs. Temperament
Anlage: things that come active early on
Temperament: orectic version of anlage functions (comes alive early like childhood/in utero)
Humoralism
naturalistic (find causes in the natural world), individualistic, nomothetic
Danger of phi to psyche
Defining psychological phenomena with biology
3 Domains of Reactivity
Negative affect (avoidance), Positve affect (approach), Constraint (effort)
When is temperament with consistency a thing?
Early. Babies have.
Emprism vs. Nativism
empirism: what we do is because of environment
nativism: we inherit what we do
5 Parts of Ergs
1) Mastery: persistent optimal task
2) Affiliation: belongs to something
3) Understanding: why it’s happening
( above 3 ^ early in life)
4) Power
5) Control
- motivational, not volitional
2 Dimensions of emotions
High/Low, Pos/Neg Valence
Characteristic adaptations
changing personality to adjust to situations (biggest is Self)
self- concepts
many! over 80+
Reference values
outcomes that we strive
Interpretations
how we view what’s happening
Strategies
how to obtain the reference values
