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Theories of Personality > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Metrology (def)

A

The systematic study of measurement

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2
Q

Where did measurement grow out of?

A

Agriculture and commerce (how do we define the price of a tomato?)

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3
Q

When was Treaty of the Metre?

A

1875

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4
Q

What’s the remaining problem in measurement even after the meter was a systematic thing?

A

Measurement for the non-physical

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5
Q

What are some features across disciples for the definition of measurement?

A

1) Ascribes attributes to objects in particular situations. 2) Input to output process. 3) Have conceptual components (and empirical components for factual sciences)

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6
Q

What are objects?

A

Things that we think of or perceive

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7
Q

What are attributes?

A

Concepts that we ascribe to properties

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8
Q

How are properties different to attributes?

A

Properties are part of objects. Attributes are what we ascribe. Attributes can be T/F, but properties cannot

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9
Q

How does measurement differ in factual and formal sciences?

A

Factual sciences: measurement is empirical
Formal sciences: measurement is purely rational

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10
Q

Measurand

A

The property of interest (or target property)

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11
Q

Focal object

A

the object with the target property

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12
Q

What are inputs and outputs of measurement?

A

Inputs = properties of an object
Output = the values we ascribe to objects

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13
Q

What is the necessary starting point of measuring a target property?

A

Comprehending the target property (the conceptual component)

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14
Q

What are some features of concepts?

A

They are part of language (not reality), they cannot be true or false (just employed correctly or incorrectly)

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15
Q

Intension of a concept

A

The meaning, set of rules for use

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16
Q

Extension of a concept

A

The manifestations of the meaning, the things that the concept refer to

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17
Q

Can you change meaning of concept based on extensions?

A

Yes, but not other way around. Can’t change facts of extensions based on the meaning

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18
Q

What differs terms and concepts?

A

Terms are meanings or definitions while concepts sometimes defy definitions (ex: a game)

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19
Q

Theoretical Definitions

A

Definitions applied to specific theories (strict rules)

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20
Q

Lexical Definitions

A

How people in society use the terms (loose rules)

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21
Q

Abstract (define)

A

“pulls away”. Not part of natural world and heterogeneous in extensions

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22
Q

Concrete (define)

A

Narrow criteria. Homogeneous in extensions and part of natural world

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23
Q

Umbrella concepts

A

Meaning comes from what’s common in 2 or more concepts

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24
Q

Heterogeneous concepts meaning

A

A wide meaning or disjunctive rules

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25
Q

Fictive, Genuinely fictive, and Semi-fictive concepts

A

1) Extensions are in the imaginary world
2) Most abstract, to a point where it might contradict with the natural world (ex: a married bachelor)
3) Unobservables that don’t contradict, but don’t correspond with the natural world (yet)

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26
Q

2 Parts of Semi-fictive concepts

A

1) Hypothetical: refers to something but not yet observed
2) Observation-referenced: no observable extensions, but has indicators to attribute values (ex: socioeconomic status)

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27
Q

Formal Concepts

A

The literal or figurative appearance
Structures: how elements are organized (ex: skin’s structure)
Processes: succession of events that make particular outcomes (ex: change in something)

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28
Q

Functional Concepts

A

Have a purpose; involves systems

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29
Q

What can be both formal and functional?

A

ex: pain. The nociceptive system activating and the unwanted state from injury.

30
Q

Technical knowledge vs. Folk Concepts

A

Technical has little disagreement and a clear intension (which entails clear extensions).
Folk has ambiguous meanings and imprecise rules (less easy to measure)

31
Q

3 Reasons that Mental Attributes are Hard to Observe

A

1) They are attributes of persons, 2) They are based on behavior, and 3) Mental attributes are often folk concepts

32
Q

Universal Attributes

A

Manifests in some way to all objects of a population across situations

33
Q

What are the difficulties with attributing to persons?

A

Persons are not inanimate, so attributes are mostly not universal. They are also conscious of their own attributes, making it less steady.

34
Q

Transient vs. Non-Transient Attributes

A

Transient = Attributes that are situational (mental state, arousal)
Non-transient = Somewhat Permanent (dispositions, abilities, etc.)

35
Q

What makes even non-transient attributes unstable?

A

The choice to not exercise makes it unpredictable

36
Q

How does unsteadiness relate to non-universality?

A

They are not the same. Something can be universal (like memory) but be unsteady

37
Q

What’s the opposite of universal

A

Relative

38
Q

Relative attributes (meaning)

A

Meanings depend on situations

39
Q

What 2 things are needed to ascribe values to objects?

A

Knowing the meaning and knowing its extensions (or manifestations)

40
Q

What do doings include?

A

Not just bodily (thinking counts), Voluntary/Involuntary, Reactionary/Initiated, Performing/Refraining are all doings

41
Q

Self-Ascription

A

Ascribing attributes to self

42
Q

Does the book focus on self-ascription or ascribing to others? How does this change the definition of doings?

A

Focus on ascribing to others and doings is limited to behavior (bodily movements)

43
Q

Critical Behavior

A

Doings that are observable and follow the rules of a concept

44
Q

Why might the attribute-behavior relationship not be guaranteed?

A

Behavioral criteria may be defeasible (people might not know what they’re doing, people might be deceiving with their behavior) and behavior might fit multiple attributes (ex: why give a sandwich? consideration? remorse?)

45
Q

Behaviorism

A

A philosophical system that studies behavior. Focusing on behavior is more behaviorism than it is Psychology

46
Q

Jargon

A

Specialized vocabulary

47
Q

Neologisms

A

New or modified terms. Usually assigns new definitions to existing terms rather than making new terms

48
Q

Which fields are Psychology terms usually from?

A

Philosophy and Biology, and also public-at-large (majority)

49
Q

What do Psychologists do instead of redefining folk concepts?

A

They use folk meanings by understanding all of its meanings, and create meanings on top of popular wisdom

50
Q

Operationism

A

Concept is only useful if there’s an operational definition

51
Q

Structure

A

Also called internal structure; The instances (extensions) and relations between them

52
Q

2 Classes of Philosophies of Measurement (and their definitions)

A

Realist and Anti-Realist.
Realists believe theres a structure and an attribute value regardless of whether or not we know it
Anti-realists believe that there is no structure other than what we assign

53
Q

Classical Theory of Measurement

A

Measurement is the estimation or discovery of the true ratio of some quantitative attribute to a unit of the same attribute. (a realist theory)

54
Q

Representational Measurement Theory

A

Anti-Realist. What we know about specific instances through the assignment of numerals or symbols. It is constructed, not discovered

55
Q

5 Empirical Problems of Measurement

A

Representation, Uniqueness, Meaningfulness, Scaling, and Uncertainty

56
Q

How is the representation problem of measurement solved?

A

Justify the measurement scale by how well values represent the attribute structure

57
Q

Concatenation-relation

A

Combined attribute manifestations equal one another

58
Q

What are the additive properties?

A

Commutativity (order doesn’t matter) and Associativity (how we group doesn’t matter)

59
Q

Equation for manifestation

A

(Real number) times (measurement unit)

60
Q

Only what can have a measurement unit?

A

Attributes with an additive structure (quantitative)

61
Q

Ordinal vs. Interval vs. Ratio

A

Interval has equivalence, ordering, and additive. Ratio is same but with ratios. Ordinal has no additive (i think)

62
Q

How does counting inch towards measurement?

A

When units become more indistinguishable (more the same?)

63
Q

In general, what’s a meaningful statement?

A

A proposition that can be empirically or logically verified

64
Q

What’s a meaningful statement in context of measurement?

A

Truthfulness that is consistent with any units

65
Q

What are the 2 types of errors in measurement? Which can or can’t be controlled?

A

Systemic error (bias) and Random error (imprecision). Bias can be controlled. Imprecision cannot (but can be reduced

66
Q

Psychometrics

A

Measurement of mental attributes

67
Q

Psychometrics vs. Metrology

A

Focus on mental attributes. Focus more on empirical. Scaling and accuracy is more important than meaningfulness/uniqueness/representation

68
Q

What’s the traditional view in Psych about attributes and whether or not they can be measured if they’re qualities?

A

Yes.

69
Q

What is utility in measurement?

A

If it predicts outcomes. Empirical issue

70
Q

Is validity a conceptual or empirical problem now?

A

Conceptual. Definitions of valid. Measurement tools.

Theories of Personality (6 decks)

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