Class notes nose/mouth/throat Flashcards
Nose function:
first segment of respiratory system
Warms, moistens, and filters
Sensory organ for smell
Olfactory receptors (hair cells) location:
lie at roof of nasal cavity and upper third of septum.
Olfactory receptors merge into olfactory nerve (CN I) which transmits where?
temporal lobe of the brain.
Sense of smell function:
enhances pleasure, taste of food
Upper one-third of external nose is:
composed of bone; lower part is cartilage.
Paranasal sinuses function:
air-filled pockets that communicate with nasal cavity.
Lighten weight of skull bones.
Serve as resonators for sound production.
Provide mucus, which drains into nasal cavity.
Paranasal sinus occlusion is called:
sinusitis
Two pairs of sinuses can be examined:
frontal; maxillary.
Maxillary location:
in maxilla, along side walls of nasal cavity
Frontal location:
above and medial to orbits
Mouth function:
first segment of digestive system; an airway for the respiratory system
Oral cavity contains:
bordered by lips, palate, cheeks, tongue; contains teeth, gums, tongue salivary glands.
Hard palate is made of:
bone
soft palate made of:
muscle
Frenulum function:
midline fold of tissue connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth
Tongue made of:
mass of striated muscle arranged in crosswise pattern so it can change shape & position
Tongue functions:
enhances functions in mastication, swallowing, teeth cleansing, speech formation, also functions in taste sensation.
Microscopic taste buds called:
papillae of tongue—at back and long sides and on soft palate
Mouth contains 3 pairs of salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Parotid location:
largest—within cheeks in front of ear—duct opens on buccal mucosa opposite 2nd molar.
Submandibular location:
beneath mandible at angle of jaw—duct opens on either side of frenulum.
Sublingual location:
lies within the floor of the mouth, under tongue.
Salivary glands functions:
secrete saliva, which lubricates food bolus; starts digestion cleans and protects the mucosa.
How many teeth in adult?
32 teeth—each has crown, neck, root
Scientific name for gums
Gingivae
Scientific name for throat
pharynx
Oropharynx separated from mouth by fold of tissue called:
Anterior tonsillar pillar (each side)
Tonsillar tissue enlarges during childhood until when?
Puberty, then it involutes
Nasopharynx location:
continuous with oropharynx behind nasal cavity
What does nasopharynx contain?
contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and eustachian tube openings
How many teeth do children have?
20 deciduous (temporary) teeth
when should all deciduous teeth develop by?
all should develop by age 2 ½.
When does nose develop in children?
Nose develops during adolescence.
What happens in pregnancy to mouth/throat/nose?
Increased vascularity—upper respiratory tract
Nasal stuffiness; epistaxis; may have bleeding gums.
What happens to nasal hairs in aging adult?
Nasal hairs—coarser, stiffer; may not filter as well.
What happens to nose in aging adult?
After 60—may have decreased olfactory nerve fibers, leading to decreased sense of smell.
Oral cavity aging adult changes how?
soft tissue atrophy; epithelial thins in cheeks and tongue. Loss of taste buds with reduction in taste
What % reduction in taste function with aging adult?
80% reduction in taste functioning
What impacts taste of aging adult?
Decreased salivary secretion may also impact taste.
What is aging adult at risk for?
risk for infections, neoplasms.
The aging adult dental changes:
tooth loss, difficulty in mastication.
Result of dental changes in aging adult:
increase in soft foods, decrease in meat and vegetables—risk for nutritional deficits
Nose sub data:
Ask about history of nosebleeds (epistaxis), allergies.
Mouth/throat sub data:
Asks about toothaches, bleeding gums, hoarseness, dysphagia, smoking, alcohol use.
Infant/children sub data:
Check for history of frequent sore throat or tonsillitis.
? Bottle use; ? thumb sucking; ? grinding teeth
Aging adult sub data:
Ask about mouth dryness.
Are there foods the client can’t eat anymore?
Can the client care for her/his own teeth or dentures?
Has the client had a change in sense of taste or smell?
Nose obj data:
Note any discharge.
Assess ability to sniff.
Inspect for deviated septum.
Where do you palpate frontal and maxillary sinuses?
forehead, cheeks
Mouth obj data:
Retract lips and note inner surfaces.
What race has bluish lips and dark line on gingival margin
Some African Americans
What are you looking for in teeth for obj data:
Note teeth that are diseased, absent, loose, or abnormally positioned.
Count teeth
What are you looking for in alignment of bite?
Normal occlusion—in back—upper teeth resting on lower teeth
In front—upper incisors slightly overriding lower incisors
Enlarged tongue occurs in:
seen with mental retardation, hypothyroidism, acromegaly
Small tongue occurs in:
malnutrition
Check tongue for:
induration under the tongue in the U-shaped area under the tongue behind the teeth.
Buccal Mucosa obj data:
Assess when client says “ahhh” if soft palate and uvula rise in the midline –CN X (vagus).
What infection usually rubs off buccal mucosa, leaving a clear or raw denuded surface
Candida
Throat test for obj data:
Touch posterior wall with tongue blade—eliciting the gag reflex—CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and CN X (vagus).
What are you looking for when sticking out tongue?
which should protrude in the midline (CN XII (hypoglossal)
What do you immediately need to assess in newborn nares?
Need to determine patency of nares, as newborns are obligate nose breathers.
What indicates respiratory distress?
Nasal flaring in the infant
what is “purse-string” appearance?
In the edentulous person, mouth and lips folds
Elderly teeth appearance:
Yellowing—results from dentin visible through worn enamel.
Incisors may have vertical cracks from exposure over lifetime to extreme temperatures.
Teeth may be loose due to bone resorption.
Elderly tongue appearance
tongue smoother, buccal mucosa shinier
