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1
Q

Parts of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

Parts of peripheral nervous system

A

everything other than brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What is behavior

A

anything you do, think, feel, want

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4
Q

What are some kinds of brain imaging

A

fMRI, PET, MRI, DTI

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5
Q

What is DTI

A

Diffusion tensor imaging. shows neural tracts in brain.

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6
Q

What is the McGurk effect

A

Effect of interaction between vision and hearing on speech perception

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7
Q

Binding problem

A

How we put all information we perceive back into a comprehensive whole. Eg vision really composed of movement, color, face recognition, shapes.

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8
Q

Body image

A

something constructed in the mind; evidenced by phantom limbs

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9
Q

visual input paths

A

how path: main visual areas to parietal lobes. spatial navigation.
what path: main visual areas to temporal lobes. what am I looking at and what is the significance.

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10
Q

Capgras delusion

A

Believe close family and friends replaced by imposter because no emotional response to faces.

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11
Q

seizures

A

can interfere with how temporal lobes interpret emotional response, so everything becomes deeply moving

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12
Q

Franz Joseph Gall

A

phrenologist; localist but a bit like palm reading

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13
Q

Pierre Flourens

A

equipotentiation. Studied birds to see if could find part of brain responsible for flight, but birds always able to fly.

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14
Q

Paul Broca

A

discovered left side frontal lobe responsible for speech production. Damage to broca’s area as adult - remain aphasic; damage as child - do not remain aphasic.

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15
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

area on temporal lobe; related to understanding speech

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16
Q

Korbinian Broadmann

A

studied brain and identified 52 area

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17
Q

Camillio Golgi

A

invented stain to study neruons

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18
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

determined that neurons are separate and don’t touch at synapses

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19
Q

Reductionism

A

theory that subjective experience can be reduced to smaller and smaller parts of brain

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20
Q

Whollism

A

theory that subjective experience is result of whole brain

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21
Q

Localisation

A

different parts of brain responsible for different experiences. evidence: brain damage to certain parts of brain results in similar symptoms across patients.

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22
Q

Equipotentiation

A

any part of brain can do anything. evidence: neuroplasticity, shown by children with brain damage who grow up ok, or by amputees who experience sensations from missing limbs in other parts of body, like cheek

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23
Q

Neurons

A

brain cells: consists of soma, dendrites, and axons; can’t reproduce. 100 billion of them. can be as long as 3 feet. can only send/receive certain types of neurotransmitters. actively do something or actively inhibit.

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24
Q

Dendrites

A

where info comes into a neuron. can grow/lose dendrites. info can be: chemical signal from another cell or info from external world (photon of light) or external chemical

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25
Synapse
space between neurons; between pre- and post-synaptic neurons
26
Axon
Where info goes out of a neuron. An axon also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon.
27
Myelin
fatty substance insulating axons; speeds transmission of electrical impulses
28
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath where saltatory conduction happens
29
Pre-synaptic terminal
bulb at end of axon (axon terminal) containing vessicles that contain neurotransmitters
30
chemical vs electrical
between neurons: chemical transmission. within neurons: electrical.
31
methods of neuronal classification
what they do: sensory, motor, interneuron what is happening at a given time: pre or post synaptic number of processes that come out of a soma: unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar
32
unipolar neuron
one process coming out of soma; most invertebrate neurons. any area of axon can be receptive surface or can send info
33
bipolar neuron
two processes coming out of soma; usually sensory neuron. one axon, one dendrite
34
pseudounipolar
two axons; tend to be sensory. one branch of axon to spinal cord and one branch to PNS.
35
multipolar neurons
purkinje cells in cerebellum with lots of dendrites
36
afferent axons
send info to CNS. all sensory neurons are afferent.
37
efferent axons
send info out of CNS. all motor neurons are efferent.
38
intrinsic neurons
within a system. all interneurons are intrinsic.
39
glia
"glue" brain cells; can reproduce. most numerous. clean up dead neurons. help communication between neurons.
40
micro glia
radial glia: orient neurons in development
41
macro glia
schwann cells: make up myelin in PNS. astrocytes: make up blood-brain barrier. make contact with capillaries in brain. deactivate neurotransmitters and send to blood stream. oligodendricites: make up myelin in CNS.
42
Parkinsons
dopamine decreases due to death of dopa-producing cells in substantia nigra. Can't take extra dopamine because doesn't cross blood-brain barrier, but L-dopa helps.
43
MS
myelin degenerates; affects CNS.
44
propogation of action potential
charge goes from node to node via saltatory conduction
45
refractory period
period in which a neuron is unlikely to fire again after firing an action potential. absolute: sodium channels closed and no chance of action potential. relative: unlikely but possible action potential.
46
novacaine
stops sodium channels from working so neurons won't fire.
47
synesthesia
sensory confusion. projectors: see things in front of them, like number lines. associators: link 2 senses, like colors and letters. higher synesthetes: concept causes (eg quantity) lower synesthetes: shape (eg letter shape) causes.
48
color vision
as we age, we see things as more yellow. causes blue haired ladies.
49
vessicles
contain neurotransmitters, probably always the same type of NTs in a vessicle. Calcium causes vessicles to migrate to end of membrane and causes NTs to transmit across synapses.
50
EPSP
excitatory post-synaptic potentials | sodium makes neuron more likely to fire.
51
IPSP
inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
52
Otto Lowei
experimented with frog hearts to determine that neurons communicate via chemicals
53
receptors
proteins that work like lock and key with NTs
54
re-uptake
process whereby NTs that come off of post-synaptic receptor and moves back to pre-synaptic neuron; protein molecule sweeps up the NTs and puts back. most common way to deactivate NT.
55
neurotransmitter
bigger molecules than ions. probably neutral charge. can produce more NTs via food. more distance travelled means more neurons that can be activated if they have the right receptors.
56
SSRI
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. eg zoloft, prozac. block serotonin reuptake so serotonin binds again. takes 2-4 weeks to work; maybe because of up/down regulation that changes # of receptors.
57
enzymatic degredation
enzyme breaks down NT so it goes into bloodstream.
58
MAO
Monoamine oxidase. vital role MAOs play in the inactivation of neurotransmitters. responsible for depression, anxiety, and other disorders.
59
MAOI
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor. inhibits destruction of monoamine oxidase (neuropenepherine).
60
acetylcholine
AcH. mood, memory, movement, sleep chemical precursor: choline (from milk) allows muscles to move.
61
dopamine
Da. addiction, infatuation, hallucination, mood. | chemical precursor: L-dopa
62
norepinephrine
Ne. alertness, orienting, arousal, sleep.
63
serotonin
5-HT. Depression, mood, sleep, aggression. | chemical precursor: tryptophan.
64
histamine
H. immune response related. keeps you awake.
65
epinephrine
Ep. adrenaline. fight or flight.
66
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid. chief inhibitory NT in CNS. reduces excitability of neurons. responsible for muscle tone. fast acting IR inhibitory NT. allows chloride in; makes cell hyperpolarized.
67
glutamate
most important and common. NT for brain function. most excitatory neurons react to glutamate. fast acting ionotropic excitatory nt. allows sodium to enter; makes more likely to fire.
68
nicotine
crosses blood brain barrier. binds with nicotinic receptors and tricks brain into thinking acetlycholine has binded.
69
down regulation
brain gets rid of some receptors because it thinks it doesn't need them because so much AcH floating around; causes tolerance
70
sagital plane
parallel with nose to neck plane. sagital slice is where can see cerebellum bulge at bottom right.
71
coronal plane
parallel with ear to ear plane. coronal slice is like loaf of bread with muffin top.
72
horizontal plane
self-explanatory. like slice off top of head.
73
ventral
face side. for brain stem and spinal cord. otherwise, belly side. for brain, aka inferior/internal.
74
dorsal
back side. for brain stem and spinal cord. for brain, outer layer/superior.
75
rostral - anterior
rostral = toward nose on horiz plane
76
lateral
toward sides
77
medial
toward middle.
78
ipsilateral
same side
79
contralateral
opposite side
80
nuclei
clump of somas, eg thalamus
81
projections or tract
bundle of axons in CNS
82
nerves
bundles of axons in periphery. take in messages for senses.
83
ganglia
clumps of neurons in periphery
84
Somatic NS
sensory and motor neurons. responsible for muscle and limb position. takes info from periphery below neck and sendds info for movement to lims and trunk. also called voluntary NS, but includes reflexes that aren't voluntary.
85
Automatic NS
internal systems, eg guts, glands, smooth muscles like heart. enteric division: guts pancreas gallbladder (sometimes considered separate from ANS) sympathetic division: fight or flight parasympathetic: rest and digest; feed and breed; actively inhibits sympathetic. responsible for nasal congestion, so cold medicine causes sympathetic symptoms by changing acetylcholine.
86
PNS
somatic and autonomic NS
87
agonists
mimic or increase effect of NT. can block reuptake or stop enzymatic degradation deactivates NT in synapse SSRIs blocks reuptake of seratonin selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor increases effects of serotonin can bind to receptors and activate them nicotine opioids trick brain into thinking it has what it needs can alter NT such that the NT is more effective
88
antagonists
block effects of NT. block receptors.
89
ventricles
areas of brain where fluid flows
90
microdialysis
suck out NTs from particular area to try to see what goes on in that area
91
lesions
damage to area of brain. | can cause lesion to animal brain to see effect.
92
ablation
removal of brain area pierre fiorenz epileptics
93
nasal cycle
alternating sides of nostril responsible for breathing. when left side is more active: better verbal when right side is more active: better spatial
94
Wilder Penfield
univ of montreal surgeon treated epileptics and brain tumors stimulated parts of their brains to see what happened responsible for homunculus people experienced memories they hadn't experienced for a long time video
95
trephination
drill hole in skull to let out evil spirits
96
Wada testing
a barbiturate (which is usually sodium amobarbital) is introduced into one of the internal carotid arteries via a cannula or intra-arterial catheter from the femoral artery. The drug is injected into one hemisphere at a time. The effect is to shut down any language and/or memory function in that hemisphere in order to evaluate the other hemisphere ("half of the brain"). Then the patient is engaged in a series of language and memory related tests. The memory is evaluated by showing a series of items or pictures to the patient so that within a few minutes as soon as the effect of the medication is dissipated, the ability to recall can be tested.
97
FNIRS
functional near infrared spectrography uses infrared light to measure oxygenation in brain mostly used pre frontally because no hair parts of brain more active have more oxygen

neuropsychology (7 decks)

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