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Massage Therapy Module 3 > Class notes > Flashcards

Class notes Flashcards

1
Q

dys-

A

Difficult, laboured, painful or abnormal.

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2
Q

para-

A

Beside

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3
Q

sub-

A

below or under.

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4
Q

Acromion process

A

Hook on the top of the scapula

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5
Q

Coracoid process

A

Anterior hook on the scapula

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6
Q

Infraglenoid and supraglenoid tubercle

A

Tubercles on the posterior surface of the scapula, just medial to the acromion.

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7
Q

Deltoid tuberosity

A

Tuberosity on the lateral humerus, about one third of the way down.

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8
Q

Olecranon fossa

A

Groove in the distal humerus where it articulates with the ulna.

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9
Q

Bones on the vertebral column

A

26 total, 7C, 12T, 5L, 1S, 1Co

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10
Q

Bones in the fetal vertebral column

A

33 or 34

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11
Q

Components of a typical vertebra

A

A vertebral foramen, a vertebral body, 2 transverse processes and a spinous process.

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12
Q

C1 vertebra

A

Called the atlas. Lacks a body, pedicles and lamina. Holds up the skull and pivots on top of the odontoid process of C2.

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13
Q

C2 vertebra

A

Called the axis. Has a thick, bifurcated spinous process. Has an odontoid process which protrudes superiorly and articulates with C1.

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14
Q

C7 vertebra

A

Has an extra long spinous process.

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14
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Have demifacets on the body and transverse processes to articulate with the ribs.

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15
Q

Root of the spine of the scapula

A

Medial edge of the scapula spine.

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16
Q

Tubercles of the humerus

A

Greater and lesser. The greater tubercle is more posterior/lateral.

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17
Q

Intertubercular groove

A

The groove found between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.

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18
Q

Olecranon process

A

End of the ulna. Forms that bump on the end of the elbow. Articulates with the distal humerus.

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19
Q

Head of the radius

A

Proximal end of the radius.

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20
Q

Styloid process of the radius

A

Distal end of the radius. Found in the wrist, just proximal to the thumb.

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21
Q

Dorsal/Lister’s tubercle

A

Tubercle on the posterior, distal radius.

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22
Q

Styloid process of the ulna

A

Distal, posterior ulna. Found in the lateral wrist.

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23
Q

Trigger point

A

Focal area of hyperirritability that is locally sensitive to pressure and can refer symptoms to other areas.

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24
Q

Active trigger point

A

Trigger points that cause local or reffered pain even when not compressed.

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25
Q

Latent trigger point

A

Trigger points that cause local or reffered pain only when compressed. Often develop into active trigger points.

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26
Q

Dysfunctional endplate hypothesis

A

Due to frequent stimulation, the motor endplate of the muscle fiber accumulates acetylcholine, resulting in sustained partial depolarization. Increases demand and causes depletion of ATP.

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27
Q

Results of trigger points

A

Causes the muscle to resist stretching and reduce the range of motion.

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28
Q

Jump sign

A

An involontary reaction to stimulation of a tender area.

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29
Q

Trigger point treatment options

A

Repetitive stripping, intermittent compression and prolonged ischemic compression.

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30
Q

What must be done after treating a trigger point?

A

Flushing via effleurage.

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31
Q

Components of the central nervous system

A

CSF, Meninges, brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

Components of the brain

A

Cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum, brain stem

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33
Q

Divisions of the peripheral nervous sytem

A

Autonomic and somatic

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34
Q

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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35
Q

Nerves of the peripheral nervous system

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

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36
Q

Myelin

A

White, fatty layer that surround axons and prevents signal depletion.

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36
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for faster transmission.

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37
Q

Efferent nerves serve what function?

A

Motor

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37
Q

Afferent nerves serve what function?

A

Sensory

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38
Q

Spinal cord root accronyms

A

SAD MEV (Sensory, afferent, dorsal - motor, efferent, ventral)

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39
Q

Functional unit of the nervous system

A

The reflex acr.

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40
Q

Trigger points are a result of what?

A

A pathological reflex arc.

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41
Q

Resting potential

A

At rest, there is a higher concentration of sodium outside and potassium inside the cell.

42
Q

Result of a stimulus on resting potential

A

Sodium flows in and potassium flows out, causing depolarization.

43
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between a neuron and something else.

44
Q

Threshold

A

Minimum level of intensity a stimulus must reach to generate a nerve impulse.

45
Q

Summation

A

Amount of stimuli required to reach threshold stimulus.

46
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger invloved in nerve impulse transmission.

47
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter

A

Decreases the membrane potential, increasing the impulse rate.

48
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Increases the membrane potential, increasing the threshold needed to cause depolarization.

49
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter which is vital for the stimulation of muscle contraction. Most common neurotransmitter.

50
Q

Catecholamines

A

Class of neurotransmitters which act on sympathetic cells and cause excitation or inhibition of certain cells.

51
Q

Dopamine

A

Catecholamine involved with emotions, moods, attention and learning. Depletion causes rigidity and uncoordinated movement as seen in Parkinson’s disease.

52
Q

Epidural space

A

Space between the dura mater and vertebral column. Contains adipose and connective tissues and blood vessels.

53
Q

Dura mater

A

Superficial layer of the meninges.

54
Q

Subdural space

A

Space between the dura mater and arachnoid. Contains serous fluid.

55
Q

Arachnoid

A

Middle layer of the meninges

56
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Space between the pia mater and arachnoid. Contains CSF.

57
Q

Pia mater

A

Deepest layer of the meninges.

58
Q

Layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater.

59
Q

Spaces of the meninges

A

Epidural, subdural and subarachnoids spaces.

60
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear fluid derived from blood. Supplies the brain and spinal cord with oxygen and nutrients.

61
Q

Beginning and end of the spinal cord

A

It exits the skull through the foramen magnum and extends to around L2.

62
Q

Cauda equina

A

End of the spinal cord which fans out like a horse’s tail.

63
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Band of nerve tracts which connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

64
Q

Cerebral lobes

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula

65
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Controls motor output, cognition and speech.

66
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Controls skin and muscles sensation as well as taste.

67
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Controls auditory and olfactory senses and language.

68
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Responsible for vision

69
Q

Insula

A

A mysterious lobe of the brain hidden by the other lobes.

70
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination centre of the brain.

71
Q

Brainstem

A

Controls the autonomic nervous system and consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.

72
Q

Midbrain

A

Conducts nerve impulses

73
Q

Pons

A

Relays nerve impulses from one side of the cerebellum to the other.

74
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Conducts sensory and motor impulses between the brain and spinal cord.

75
Q

Diencephalon

A

Controls the endocrine system.

76
Q

Components of the diencephalon

A

Epithalamus, metathalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus.

77
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Selective semipermeable wall of blood capillaries. Prevents or slows the passage of chemicals and pathogens from the blood into the CNS.

78
Q

Nerve plexus

A

A netweork of intersecting nerves in the PNS.

79
Q

Cervical plexus

A

C1 to C5, supplies the head and neck.

80
Q

Brachial plexus

A

C5-T1, supplies the arm and hand

81
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

L1-L4, supplies the abdomen, low back and genitals

82
Q

Sacral plexus

A

L4-S4, supplies the posterior hip, legs and feet.

83
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of the skin served by a specific sensory root nerce or by one branch of the trigeminal nerve.

84
Q

Myotome

A

A group of skeletal muscles innervated by a single spinal segment.

85
Q

All sensory organs arise from which layer in early development?

A

Ectoderm.

86
Q

Touch

A

Specialized receptors found in the skin. Sense heat, cold, pressure, pain and movement.

87
Q

Taste

A

Mediated by taste buds (chemoreceptors) and influenced by the sense of smell.

88
Q

Olfaction

A

Chemoreceptors to detect odours found in the nasal cavity.

89
Q

Vision

A

Photoreceptors located in the eye.

90
Q

Hearing

A

Uses mechanoreceptors to respond to air vibrations. The tympanic membrane vibrates, causing the auditory ossicles and cochlear fluid to vibrate.

91
Q

Muscles which flex the shoulder at the glenohumeral joint.

A

Deltoid (anterior) and biceps brachii.

92
Q

Muscles which extend the shoulder at the glenohumeral joint.

A

Deltoid (posterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major, triceps brachii (long head)

93
Q

Muscles which horizontally abduct the shoulder

A

Deltoid (posterior)

94
Q

Muscles which horizontally adduct the shoulder

A

Deltoid (anterior)

95
Q

Muscles which abduct the shoulder

A

Deltoid, supraspinatus

96
Q

Muscles which adduct the shoulder

A

Latissimus dorsi, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor, triceps brachii (long head)

97
Q

Muscles which laterally rotate the shoulder

A

Deltoid (posterior), infraspinatus, teres minor

98
Q

Muscles which medially rotate the shoulder

A

Deltoid (anterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis

99
Q

Shape of the clavicle

A

S-shaped. Lateral end points down and medial points up.

100
Q

Joints of the clavicle

A

Acromiclavicular and sternoclavicular.

101
Q

Joints of the scapula

A

Glenohumeral and acromioclavicular

102
Q

Joints of the humerus

A

Glenohumeral, humeroulnar, humeroradial.

103
Q

Joints of the ulna

A

Humeroulnar, proximal and distal radioulnar.

104
Q

Joints of the radius

A

Humeroradial, proximal and distal radioulnar, radiocarpal

105
Q

Carpal bones

A

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

106
Q

Poem for carpal bones

A

Steve left the party to take Cathy home.

Massage Therapy Module 3 (3 decks)

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