Class- External Factors🤹🏻‍♀️

Question 1

How many students do private schools account for and how many end up in Cambridge/Oxford?

Answer 1

7% of students go to private schools but half of all students at Cambridge/Oxford are privately educated

Question 2

What are external factors?

Answer 2

Factors outside the education system, such as influence from home, family and society.

Question 3

What did the Centre for longitudinal studies find about child development?

Answer 3

By the age of 3, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are already up to. Year behind privileged children.

Question 4

What are the three main aspects of cultural deprivation?

Answer 4

Language, parents’ education and working class subculture.

Question 5

What did Feinstein find? (Language)

Answer 5

Educated parents are more likely to use praise. This encourages their children to develop a sense of competence.

Question 6

Who distinguishes the different types of speech codes?

Answer 6

Basil Bernstein 1975

Question 7

What is the restricted code?

Answer 7

Typically used by the working class. It has a limited vocabulary and is based on short, grammatically simple sentences. May involve a single word or gesture. It is descriptive not analytic. It is context-bound: the speaker assumes the listener shares the same set of experiences

Question 8

What is the elaborated code?

Answer 8

Typically used by middle class. It has a wider vocabulary and is based on longer, complex sentences. It is context free.

Question 9

Why does the elaborated code put students m/c students at an advantage?

Answer 9

It is the language used by teachers, textbooks and exams. Not only is it taken as the ‘correct’ way to speak, Bernstein believes it is an effective tool for reasoning and expressing thoughts clearly- vital in education.

Question 10

How does early socialisation into the elaborated code put m/c at an advantage?

Answer 10

They are already fluent users in it when they start school. They feel at home and therefore are more likely to succeed. Whereas those who lack the code feel excluded in school and are more likely to fail.

Question 11

Criticisms of Bernstein

Answer 11

Describes w/c speech as inadequate

Question 12

What did Douglas find about parents with less education?

Answer 12

They placed less value on education-
Less ambitious for their children, gave less encouragement, took less interest, visited schools less often and didn’t discuss their child’s progress with teachers = lower levels of motivation and achievement

Question 13

How does parenting style affect achievement?

Answer 13

Educated parents- consistent discipline and high expectations. Encourages active learning and exploration.
Less educated parents- harsher and inconsistent discipline that emphasises ‘doing what you’re told’. Prevents the child from learning independence and self control = poor motivation and problems interacting with teachers

Question 14

How do educated parents assist their children’s educational process?

Answer 14

Reading to their children, teaching them letters, numbers, songs, rhymes. Expert advice on child rearing, good relationships with teachers. Museum visits.

Question 15

What did Bernstein and Young find about middle class mothers income?

Answer 15

They spent more money educational toys, books and activities that stimulate intellectual development. W/c mothers were unable to provide there children with these things= w/c children start school without the intellectual skills needed to progress

Question 16

How can nutrition be considered cultural deprivation?

Answer 16

Educated parents have a better of nutrition and what helps child development

Question 17

What is a w/c subculture?

Answer 17

According to cultural deprivation theorists, large sections of the w/c have different goals, beliefs, attitudes and values from the rest of society and this is why they fail at school.

Question 18

What does Barry Sugarman say are the four key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement?

Answer 18

Fatalism
Collectivism
Immediate gratification
Present time orientation

Question 19

What is fatalism?

Answer 19

There is nothing you can do to change your status. Differs from m/c view of working hard to achieve.

Question 20

What is collectivism?

Answer 20

Valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual. Differs from m/c individualism.

Question 21

What is immediate gratification?

Answer 21

Seeking pleasure now. Differs from m/c deferred gratification

Question 22

What is present time orientation?

Answer 22

Seeing the present as more important than the future and so not having any goals.

Question 23

Why does Barry Sugarman think the differences in values exist?

Answer 23

Middle class jobs are secure, offering prospects for individual advancement. This encourages ambition and long term planning in school.
Working class jobs are less secure and have no career structure.
These values are passed onto their children.

Question 24

How has compensatory education tried to tackle the problem of cultural deprivation?

Answer 24

Operation Head Start in US in the 1960s- ‘planned enrichment’- improving parenting skills, instilled achievements motivation etc
Sesame Street- part of Head Start
Educational Priority Areas, Education Action Zones and Sure Start

Question 25

How does Nell Keddie describe cultural deprivation as a myth?

Answer 25

Victim blaming explanation. She dismisses the idea that failure at school can be blamed on a culturally deprived home background. The child cannot be deprived of its own culture and argue that w/c children are simply culturally different, not culturally deprived.
They fail because they are put at a disadvantage by an education system dominated by m/c values.

Question 26

Teachers have a

Answer 26

Speech Hierarchy. A child’s language is not the problem but the school’s attitude towards it.

Question 27

How do Tessa Blackstone and Jo Mortimore criticise the view that working class parents are not interested in their children’s education?

Answer 27

They attend fewer parents evenings not because of lack of interest, but because of long working hours and the middle class atmosphere. They lack the education to help with their child’s work.

Question 28

What are the 4 main cultural deprivation sociologists?

Answer 28

Bernstein
Douglas
Feinstein
Sugarman

Question 29

What percentage of failing schools are located in deprived areas

Answer 29

90%

Question 30

How can poor housing affect pupils’ achievement?

Answer 30

Overcrowding- Harder to study, less room for educational activities, nowhere to do homework, disturbed sleep from sharing beds.
Development impaired- lack of space for safe play and exploration. Temporary accommodation means changes of school and distrusted education.
Health and welfare- risk of accidents, cold or damp housing leading to ill health, psychological distress = absences from school

Question 31

What does Marilyn Howard say?

Answer 31

Children from poorer homes have a lower intake of energy, vitamins and minerals. Poor nutrition = weak immune system = absences and difficulties concentrating in class

Question 32

What did Richard Wilkinson say?

Answer 32

Among ten year olds, the lower the social class, the higher rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders = negative effect on education

Question 33

What did David Bull say?

Answer 33

‘The costs of free schooling’. Less equipment and missing out on experiences that would enhance educational achievement.
=hand me downs, unfashionable equipment = isolation and bullying.

Question 34

What does Flaherty say?

Answer 34

Fear of stigmatisation explains why 20% of those eligible for free school meals do not take it.

Question 35

What did Ridge find?

Answer 35

Children in poverty take on jobs such as babysitting, cleaning and paper rounds = bad impact on schoolwork

Question 36

What did Callender and Jackson find?

Answer 36

Attitude towards debt was important in deciding whether to apply to university. The most debt adverse student (w/c) were over 5 times less likely to apply than the most debt tolerant (m/c)

Question 37

What are the main material deprivation sociologists?

Answer 37

Howard
Wilkinson 
Bull
Flaherty
Ridge
Callender and Jackson

Question 38

What does Pierre Bourdieu argue?

Answer 38

Both cultural and material factors contribute to achievement, they are interrelated. 
The middle class generally possess all three capitals

Question 39

What does Brodie’s say about cultural capital?

Answer 39

Middle class children are at an advantage because their interests and abilities is highly valued and rewarded with qualifications. Bernstein- socialisation. The education system favours and transmits the m/c culture. 
W/c culture is devalued and seen as inferior.

Question 40

How can educational and economic capital convert into each other?

Answer 40

Wealthier parents can convert their economic capital into educational by sending their children to private schools or paying for a tutor.