Class Differnces In Achievment - Internal Factors

Question 1

What are the 5 internal causes of class differences in achievement

Answer 1

labelling
class identities
streaming
Pupils subculture
Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 2

What does internal factors mean

Answer 2

Factors within the school that affect achievement eg interactions between pupils and teachers.

Question 3

1- labelling
What does it mean and who suggests it

Answer 3

Becker
Attach a meaning or definition to someone eg trouble maker

-often compares students to the ideal pupil

Question 4

Labelling- What is the ideal pupil

Answer 4

Middle class kids
Hardworking
Clever
Organised
Puntual
Well spoke

Question 5

Labelling- what is the halo effect

Answer 5

Labelling leads to certain kids getting imaginary halos because they’re seen as ideal pupils and therefore get treated better.

Question 6

Labelling- study by rist

Answer 6

Study in primary schools
- found fast learners on one table and less able learners on different table
-fast learners got harder work, more teacher encouragement and time - most likely m/c

Question 7

2. Self-fulfilling prophecy
   What is it ?

Answer 7

The prediction (label) that comes true simply by being made
Eg student labelled trouble maker becomes a trouble maker

Question 8

What are the three stages of self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 8

1- teacher labels student and makes predictions based on label

2-teachee interacts with student based on label eg giving less able student easier work

3- pupil internalises the label, predictions and it becomes part of their self-concept. They act accordingly to the prediction therefore fulfilling the prophecy

Question 9

Self-fulfilling prophecy study and critism of it

Answer 9

Rosenthal and Jacobsons
-gave fake IQ test to a school
- told the school a random 20% of the kid done well ‘spouters’
-a year later 47% of the 20% progressed in school due to teachers extra time and encouragement

❌- unethical as gives disadvantage to other students and unneeded pressure if kids identifies as ‘sproters’

Question 10

3. Streaming
   What is streaming
   What is educational triage

Answer 10

Gilborn and youdell -
Steaming is to sort and select students into their perceived ability
Educational triage- system were children are separated into 3 groups

Question 11

Streaming- 3 groups
And what’s the effect of steaming

Answer 11

1- those who will pass anyways
2- boarder line C/D pupils who are targeted for help
3- hopeless causes

This neglects the w/c as they’re likely to be in category 3 (the lower streams) so they receive less attention, support and resources

Question 12

4. Pupil subculture
   What is pupils subculture

Answer 12

Lacey
- a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns.
- often emerge from labelling and streaming.

Question 13

Pupil subcukture
What’s polarisation and the two pupil subcultures

Answer 13

Polarisation- the process where pupils respond to streaming by moving towards one of two opposite poles. Streaming polarised boys into pro or anti school subcultures

Question 14

Pupil subculture- what does the book learning to labour shown
Paul Willis
And evaluation of study

Answer 14

W/c kids fails themselves by conforming to anti-school subcultures eg not doing homework, being loud, distributive etc.
-leads to lower streams, negative labels
They realise they can’t make their way up in society and the school system is set against them so they just mess around and have fun

❌Too deterministic- that all w/c boys don’t try & ignores ‘ear holes’ w/c boys who listen as they believe they can move up the social ladder.

❌-hawthorn affect- change behaviour cause they know they being watched eg acting up = lacks validity

Question 15

Pupil subculture- other responses to labelling and streaming

Answer 15

Ritualism- conforming and staying out of trouble
Retreatism- messing about
Rebellion- outright rejection of everything the school stands for

Question 16

5- pupils’ class identities
Who suggest this

Answer 16

Archer

Question 17

5- pupils’ class identities
What is a habits and what habitus does the school have

Answer 17

Habitus- refers to the taken for granted ways of thinking and acting shared by a social class.
Eg ‘what is normal for people like us’

School has a m/c habitus

Question 18

5- pupils’ class identities
What is symbolic capital and symbolic violence

Answer 18

-M/c kids have symbolic capital (status from the school) as the school has a m/c habitus and the m/c kids have already been socialised into this habitus eg the tastes, values and language of the school.
-So have an advantage as w/c habitus is deemed as tasteless and inferior.
-therefore w/c kids get no symbolic capital and have symbolic violence. This reproduces the class structures by keeping
w/c below m/c

Question 19

5- pupils’ class identities
How does symbolic violence lead to a nike identity

Answer 19

symbolic violence (lack of recognition by the school) leads to w/c kids looking for status from peers.
They do this by buying branded clothed - failure to conform to tending styles = social suicide.
- right style = symbolic capital from peers that they weren’t able to get from the education system.

The style is looked down on by the school causing more conflict over dress codes as seen as bad taste/ threat.

Archer argues w/c pupils’ identities/style is a struggle for recognition that m/c see as tasteless.

Question 20

Evaluation of internal factors for class differences in achievement

Answer 20

❌- ignore factors like gender and ethnicity
❌- too deterministic - that once kid is labelled they internalise it ignores that kids can reject labels and prove them wrong.
❌- assumes all teachers label and stereotype kids which isn’t true

✅- helps explain why w/c may underachieve and see where we have to improve

Question 21

Summery of labelling

Answer 21

-BEKER- attach meaning to someone
-halo effect
-RIST- study of primary school tables fast learners and slow learner on diff tables. Fast got more teacher help, time and attention.

Question 22

Summery of self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 22

-prediction that comes true on the basis of being made
> 3 stages
1- Student is labelled
2-teacher interacts w kid based off label
3- kid internalises label become part of their self-concept. (fulfils prophecy)

> study Rosenthal and Jacobson

Question 23

Summary of streaming

Answer 23

-Sort and select students based on their perceived ability
-Gillborn and youdell
> Educational triage - kids streamed into 3 groups
-those who will pass anyways
-those around 4-5 who are targeted for help
-helpless causes

Question 24

Summary of pupil subculture

Answer 24

Lacey- group of kids who share similar value, beliefs and behaviour.
-paul Willie learning to labour
-whats polarisation

Question 25

Summary of pupils class identities

Answer 25

Archer-
Habitus- the taken for granted ways of thinking and acting shared by a social class. School has m/c habitus
- what is symbolic capital and symbolic violence
-how does nike identity gain symbolic capital