Class Differences In Achievement- Externql Factors

Question 1

Number one - cultural deprivation
- What is Cultural deprivation?

Answer 1

When you don’t have the cultural equipment to do well in school leading to underachievment

-according to cultural deprivation theorists many w/c children grow up socially deprived.

Question 2

What are the three main aspects if cultural deprivation

Answer 2

Language
Parents education
Working class subculture

Question 3

Cultural deprivation -language

Answer 3

The way kids communicate with their parents affect their intellectual development
Hobbs- found parents who challenge their children improves their cognitive performance
Engelmann- language used in lower-class families is deficient so their kids fail to develop the necessary language skills needed for school eg abstract thinking, describing, explaining.

Question 4

Cultural deprivation- Language
- what are the speech codes

Answer 4

Berstein
- restricted code- w/c limited vocab, short dramatically incorrect simple sentences, speech is predictable, context bond speaker assumes that listener shares the same set of experiences.

Elaborated code- m/c wider vocab, longer grammatically complex sentences.
Context free-speaker doesn’t assume listener shares same experiences so use explicit language to explain what they’re staying

Question 5

What do speech codes affect

Answer 5

Gives m/c an advantage at school this is because elaborated code is used by teachers, textbooks and exams.
!more efficient for analysing, reasoning, writing and expressing thoughts which is essential in ed.
Early socialisation into elaborated code means m/c kids are already fluent users so they feel at home in school and are more likely to succeed.

Question 6

Critics of cultural deprivation

Answer 6

❌Children fail not cause theyre culturally deprived but cause the school fails to teach them elaborated code.
❌Too deterministic as suggests all language in w/c homes is inadequate.
❌sociallt sensitive to parents blaming them for kids underachievement.

Question 7

Cultural deprivation- parents education

Answer 7

Douglas - w/c parents place less value on education therefore have less ambition, encouragement and interest in their ed. Because of this their children have lower motivation and ambition therefore lower achievement

Question 8

Parents education- factors

Answer 8

Feinstein-
Parenting style
Use of income
Parents’ educational behaviour

Question 9

How doesnParenting style affect educational achievement

Answer 9

m/c consistent discipline, high expectations and encourage learning.
W/c parents- inconsistent discipline ‘doing as you’re told’, prevents independence, poorer motivation, problems w teachers.

Question 10

How does Use of income affect educational achievement

Answer 10

m/c parents have higher income - more likely to buy educational toys/books that stimulates intellectual development.
W/c homes lack these resources so start school without the intellectual resources needed.

Question 11

How does Parents’ educational behaviour affect educational achievement

Answer 11

educated parents more aware of what’s needed for their kids ed. So they read, teach numbers, letters, help w homework and establish good relationships w teachers compared to less educated parents.

Question 12

Cultural deprivation- working class subculture

4 features of w/c subculture that act as barriers to educational achievement.

Answer 12

Sugarman
1- fatalism
2-Collectivism-
3-Immediate gratification-
4-Present-time orientated-

Question 13

What is Fatalism

Answer 13

w/c believe in fate whatever will be will be there’s nothing you can do to change your status.
M/c- optimism- you can change your status through your own hard work eg in school

Question 14

What is Collectivism

Answer 14

W/c -value being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
M/c- individualism- you should not be held back by group loyalties

Question 15

What is Immediate gratification

Answer 15

w/c seeker pleasure now rather than making sacrifices for greater future reward.
M/c- differed gratification- make sacrifices for greater later reward

Question 16

What is Present-time orientated-

Answer 16

Present-time orientated- w/c present more important than future so no long-term goals
Future time orientated- m/c planning for future is important

Question 17

How do subcultures affect achievement

Answer 17

M/c culture encourages ambition, long term planning and willingness go invest time and effort into school and gaining qualifications. Whilst working class didn’t

Question 18

What is a subculture

Answer 18

A group whose values beliefs attitudes differ from those of mainstream culture.

Question 19

Advantages of cultural dedication

Answer 19

✅Education programmes to tackle cultural deprivation by providing extra resources to schools in deprived areas.
✅- sure start- help w parenting skills

Question 20

Critics of cultural deprivation

Answer 20

❌-keddie- the myth of cultural deprivation - children can not be deprived of their own culture they’re just culturally diff not deprived.
^ rather than seeing w/c culture as deficient schools should recognise and build on it’s strengths.
❌- the problem is not the w/c kids language but the teachers attitudes towards it
❌- too deterministic that all w/c parents are not interested in their children education.

Question 21

NUMBER TWO- material deprivation
What is it ?

Answer 21

Refers to poverty and lack of material necessities

Question 22

Poverty is linked to educational underachievement shown by the following evidence

Answer 22

Kids on fsm do worse in school
Poorer kids more likely to be excluded or leave school early
90% of failing schools are located in deprived areas

Question 23

What are the three factors under material deprivation

Answer 23

Housing
Diet and health
Financial support and cost of ed

Question 24

Material deprivation - housing

Answer 24

Overcrowding, noise, damp- I’m health (more days off school), no where to study, disturbed sleep, unstable.

Question 25

Material deprivation- diet and health

Answer 25

Marilyn howard
Kids from poorer houses have lower intake of vitamin and minerals so less energy, weakened immune system = more days off school and less concentration in class so they fall behind

Question 26

Material deprivation- financial support and cost of ed

Answer 26

Lack of financial support means kids from poor families don’t have
-books, technology, school trips, tutors
They often have to get part time jobs to help family so they less focus on school

-fear of debt- going to uni is expensive scared they won’t be able to lay it back so don’t go limiting their opportunity

Question 27

Number 3- cultural capital
What is it and who suggests

Answer 27

Bourdieu
-the knowledge, tastes, language, values, abilities of the middle class

Question 28

Cultural capitol in the education system

Answer 28

Education favours and therefore rewards middle class cultural traits and devalues working class culture and sees it an inferior.
Working class kids pick up on this and response by not trying, leaving early or misbehaving

Question 29

Cultural capital- What is social capital

Answer 29

Refers to the social network Around the kids that support and help your child’s education. It’s not what you know it’s who you known

Question 30

Cultural capital- what is educational capital

Answer 30

Where parents are able to send their children to private schools and pay for extra tuition or afford houses in catchmnet areas of good schools, to give their children an advantage

Question 31

Culture capital- what is economic capital

Answer 31

Having the money to invest in kids education eg books, school trips, tutors

Question 32

Cultural capital- what are the 3 types of parents when choosing schools

Answer 32

Gerwirtz
Privileged-skilled choosers- middle class who know how admission works, look at league tables, results, clubs, facilities

Disconnected-local choosers- find admission process difficult, take into account distance and cost, choose school by convenience w/c parents

Semi-skilled choosers- w/c still ambitious for their children but rely on personal opinions of schools eg friends,relatives.

Question 33

Evaluation ofcultural capitol

Answer 33

❌Marxists- downplays importance of material factors.
❌Too determinstic - doesn’t allow w/c to overcome their cultural start in life.

✅- helps to explain why working class children may under achieve

Question 34

Positive of research of class underatchievment
- Policies

Answer 34

✅- policies like sure start have been designed to contract the effects of cultural deprivation by providing extra help and resources to poorer kids. Eg head start

Question 35

Summary of class differences in achievement (external factors)

Answer 35

Three segments

Cultural deprivation
Material delrivation
Cultural capital

Question 36

3 parts of cultural deprivation

Answer 36

Language - (speech codes- sugarmen)
Parents education
Working class subculture

Question 37

3 parts of material deprivation

Answer 37

Housing
diet and health - marlin Howard
Financial support and cost of ed

Question 38

3 parts of cultural capital

Answer 38

Social capital - network support
Educational capital- money for prv school etc
Economic capital- money for tutor, trips etc