Class differences in educational achievement - external factors Flashcards
What are external factors
factors outside the education system such as the influence of home, family, background and wider society
What are the 3 factors affecting pupil peformance
material deprivation, cultural deprivation and cultural capital
what is material deprivation
poverty and the lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income
what does poor housing cause
underachievement
what are free school meals a measure of
child poverty
what are direct issues of material deprivation
overcrowding, no space for educational activities, disturbed sleep
what do the direct issues of material deprivation cause
impaired development
what are the indirect issues of material deprivation
health and welfare, crowding causes accidents, cold or damp housing conditions, psychological distress
What does Howard study about how material deprivation can lead to educational underachievement
young people from poorer homes have a lower intake of energy, vitamins and minerals
weak immune system = absence due to illness
What does Wilkinson study about how material deprivation can lead to educational underachievement
emotional and behavioural problems, lower social class = higher hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders
what does Tanner study about how material deprivation can lead to educational underachievement
cost of items such as transport, uniforms and books etc. causes a burden to poor families
children with hand-me-downs are bullied and isolated so they don’t fit in
what does Ridge study about how material deprivation can lead to educational underachievement
people in poverty take on babysitting, cleaning and paper rounds which causes a negative effect on school work
what does Flaherty study about how material deprivation can lead to educational underachievement
fear of stigmatisation is why those eligible for free school meals don’t take up entitlement and get teased for having free school meals
what does David Bull study about financial costs of education
‘costs of free schooling’ which working class families might not have
What do Smith and Noble study about financial costs of education
poverty acts as a barrier for learning
what are working class students forced to attend
poorer quality schools
what does the fear of debt cause working class families to not do
not attend university and hinder their educational peformance
what do Callendar and Jackson study about financial costs of education
working class are more debt averse
what do working class who do go to university receive
financial support from their families
what does Diane Rey study about financial costs of education
working class are more likely to apply to local universities which reduces travel costs as they can live at home
what is cultural deprivation
working class children lack the cultural equipment to do well at school and working class parents fail to adequately socialise their children
what does Douglas study about cultural deprivation
working class parents are less likely to support their children’s intellectual development through reading
what does Feinstein study about cultural deprivation
parents own education is the most important factor affecting children’s achievement
what is the use of income
middle class parents use income differently compared to working class parents
what do Bernstien and Young study about the use of income
the way mothers think about and choose toys has on influence on their childrens intellectual development
what is middle class parents parenting style
consistent discipline and high expectations
what is less educated parents parenting style
harsh and inconsistent discipline
what are educated parents more aware of
what is needed to assist their child’s education
what do parents engage in
behaviour (reading, helping) and their child’s schooling
what do cultural deprivation theorists argue
parents attitudes and values are key factors in affecting educational achievement
what does Douglas say about working class parents
they place less value on education are less ambitious and give them less encouragement
What does Douglas say about why children have lower levels of motivation
less interest in their child’s education and less likely to attend parent’s evening
what does lack of parental interest reflect
sub cultural values of the working class
what do working class families have that are different to the rest of society
different goals and attitudes
what does Hyman argue about cultural deprivation
values and beliefs of lower class subcultures are a self imposed barrier to educational success
What four barriers does Sugarman provide to educational achievement
Fatalism, Collectivism, Immediate gratification, present-time orientation
What do Berieter and Engleman study about language
language in lower class homes is deficient
What does Hubbs - Tait et al study about parents use of language
Parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities
What does Bernstein study in language
the different in middle lass and working classes speech
what are the two types of language codes studied by Bernstein
elaborative and restrictive
what is cultural capital
the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities of the middle class
what do middle class children acquire through socialisation
the ability to grasp, analyse and express extract ideas
what are middle class likely to develop
intellectual interests which give them an advantage in school
what does Bourdieu study about cultural capital
both cultural and material factors contribute to educational underachievement and these factors are interrelated
why does Bourdieu think middle class are more successful
because they possess more capital - economic, educational and cultural
what advantages does cultural capital give middle class students
understand and are aware of more books
what is the evaluation of cultural deprivation
has been widely criticised as an explanation for class differences in educational achievement
what does keddie believe about cultural deprivation
it is a myth
what do Troyna and Williams study believe about cultural deprivation
problem isnt the childs language but the attitude the school has towards it - speech hierachy
what do Blackstone and Martimer believe about cultural deprivation and working class parents
working class parents are less interested in their child’s education and are less likely to attend parents evenings
what does Gerwitz argue about the policies of marketisation
it benefits middle class since they are more likely to use their economic and cultural capital to take advantage of educational opportunities
what are the 3 types of parents studied by Gerwitz
privileged - skilled choosers
disconnected - local choosers
semi - skilled choosers
