Class differences in educational achievement - external factors

Question 1

What are external factors

Answer 1

factors outside the education system such as the influence of home, family, background and wider society

Question 2

What are the 3 factors affecting pupil peformance

Answer 2

material deprivation, cultural deprivation and cultural capital

Question 3

what is material deprivation

Answer 3

poverty and the lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income

Question 4

what does poor housing cause

Answer 4

underachievement

Question 4

what are free school meals a measure of

Answer 4

child poverty

Question 5

what are direct issues of material deprivation

Answer 5

overcrowding, no space for educational activities, disturbed sleep

Question 6

what do the direct issues of material deprivation cause

Answer 6

impaired development

Question 7

what are the indirect issues of material deprivation

Answer 7

health and welfare, crowding causes accidents, cold or damp housing conditions, psychological distress

Question 8

What does Howard study about how material deprivation can lead to educational underachievement

Answer 8

young people from poorer homes have a lower intake of energy, vitamins and minerals
weak immune system = absence due to illness

Question 9

What does Wilkinson study about how material deprivation can lead to educational underachievement

Answer 9

emotional and behavioural problems, lower social class = higher hyperactivity, anxiety and conduct disorders

Question 10

what does Tanner study about how material deprivation can lead to educational underachievement

Answer 10

cost of items such as transport, uniforms and books etc. causes a burden to poor families
children with hand-me-downs are bullied and isolated so they don’t fit in

Question 11

what does Ridge study about how material deprivation can lead to educational underachievement

Answer 11

people in poverty take on babysitting, cleaning and paper rounds which causes a negative effect on school work

Question 12

what does Flaherty study about how material deprivation can lead to educational underachievement

Answer 12

fear of stigmatisation is why those eligible for free school meals don’t take up entitlement and get teased for having free school meals

Question 13

what does David Bull study about financial costs of education

Answer 13

‘costs of free schooling’ which working class families might not have

Question 14

What do Smith and Noble study about financial costs of education

Answer 14

poverty acts as a barrier for learning

Question 15

what are working class students forced to attend

Answer 15

poorer quality schools

Question 16

what does the fear of debt cause working class families to not do

Answer 16

not attend university and hinder their educational peformance

Question 17

what do Callendar and Jackson study about financial costs of education

Answer 17

working class are more debt averse

Question 18

what do working class who do go to university receive

Answer 18

financial support from their families

Question 18

what does Diane Rey study about financial costs of education

Answer 18

working class are more likely to apply to local universities which reduces travel costs as they can live at home

Question 18

what is cultural deprivation

Answer 18

working class children lack the cultural equipment to do well at school and working class parents fail to adequately socialise their children

Question 18

what does Douglas study about cultural deprivation

Answer 18

working class parents are less likely to support their children’s intellectual development through reading

Question 18

what does Feinstein study about cultural deprivation

Answer 18

parents own education is the most important factor affecting children’s achievement

Question 18

what is the use of income

Answer 18

middle class parents use income differently compared to working class parents

Question 19

what do Bernstien and Young study about the use of income

Answer 19

the way mothers think about and choose toys has on influence on their childrens intellectual development

Question 20

what is middle class parents parenting style

Answer 20

consistent discipline and high expectations

Question 21

what is less educated parents parenting style

Answer 21

harsh and inconsistent discipline

Question 22

what are educated parents more aware of

Answer 22

what is needed to assist their child’s education

Question 23

what do parents engage in

Answer 23

behaviour (reading, helping) and their child’s schooling

Question 24

what do cultural deprivation theorists argue

Answer 24

parents attitudes and values are key factors in affecting educational achievement

Question 25

what does Douglas say about working class parents

Answer 25

they place less value on education are less ambitious and give them less encouragement

Question 26

What does Douglas say about why children have lower levels of motivation

Answer 26

less interest in their child’s education and less likely to attend parent’s evening

Question 27

what does lack of parental interest reflect

Answer 27

sub cultural values of the working class

Question 28

what do working class families have that are different to the rest of society

Answer 28

different goals and attitudes

Question 29

what does Hyman argue about cultural deprivation

Answer 29

values and beliefs of lower class subcultures are a self imposed barrier to educational success

Question 30

What four barriers does Sugarman provide to educational achievement

Answer 30

Fatalism, Collectivism, Immediate gratification, present-time orientation

Question 31

What do Berieter and Engleman study about language

Answer 31

language in lower class homes is deficient

Question 32

What does Hubbs - Tait et al study about parents use of language

Answer 32

Parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities

Question 33

What does Bernstein study in language

Answer 33

the different in middle lass and working classes speech

Question 34

what are the two types of language codes studied by Bernstein

Answer 34

elaborative and restrictive

Question 35

what is cultural capital

Answer 35

the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities of the middle class

Question 36

what do middle class children acquire through socialisation

Answer 36

the ability to grasp, analyse and express extract ideas

Question 37

what are middle class likely to develop

Answer 37

intellectual interests which give them an advantage in school

Question 38

what does Bourdieu study about cultural capital

Answer 38

both cultural and material factors contribute to educational underachievement and these factors are interrelated

Question 39

why does Bourdieu think middle class are more successful

Answer 39

because they possess more capital - economic, educational and cultural

Question 40

what advantages does cultural capital give middle class students

Answer 40

understand and are aware of more books

Question 41

what is the evaluation of cultural deprivation

Answer 41

has been widely criticised as an explanation for class differences in educational achievement

Question 42

what does keddie believe about cultural deprivation

Answer 42

it is a myth

Question 43

what do Troyna and Williams study believe about cultural deprivation

Answer 43

problem isnt the childs language but the attitude the school has towards it - speech hierachy

Question 44

what do Blackstone and Martimer believe about cultural deprivation and working class parents

Answer 44

working class parents are less interested in their child’s education and are less likely to attend parents evenings

Question 45

what does Gerwitz argue about the policies of marketisation

Answer 45

it benefits middle class since they are more likely to use their economic and cultural capital to take advantage of educational opportunities

Question 46

what are the 3 types of parents studied by Gerwitz

Answer 46

privileged - skilled choosers
disconnected - local choosers
semi - skilled choosers