Class differences in achievement (external) Flashcards
What are internal and external factors?
internal= factors within schools e.g interactions between pupils & teachers & inequalities between schools
external= outside of education system, home, family background, wider society
What is cultural deprivation and the 3 main factors?
inferior norms and values held by the working class due to inadequate socialisation, leading to underachievement
- language
- parents education
- WC subculture
How does language impact achievement (Hubbs-Tait et al, Feinstein)?
- Parents use language so children evaluate understanding (“what do you think?”)
-improves cognitive performance - uneducated use simple descriptive sentences (“what’s that animal?”)
- disjointed phrases
How do speech codes impact achievement (Bernstein)?
restricted code: WC, short, simple sentences, limited vocabulary
elaborated code: MC, longer, complex sentences, abstract ideas, wider vocab
- MC advantaged, elaborated used by teachers & textbooks, more likely to succeed (familiar) WC disadvantaged & excluded
How do WC parents education impact achievement (Douglas)?
- WC parents, less value on education, took less interest, didn’t visit schools, no parents evenings, children had lower motivation & achievement
How does parenting style impact achievement
educated parents= consistent discipline, high expectations, encourage active learning
less educated parents=
harsh inconsistent discipline, prevents independence/ self control > low motivation
How do parents educational behaviours impact achievement?
educated parents= aware of how to assist children’s progress:
- reading, painting, nursery rhymes, homework
- establish good relationships with teachers
-visits to museums/libraries
How does use of income impact achievement? (Bernstein + Young)
- MC mothers buy educational toys/ books & more nutritional food
- WC lack resources so children start school without intellectual skills
4 key features of WC subculture (Sugarman):
Fatalism= believe in fate, can’t change status, what will be will be
Collectivism= value being part of a group rather than succeeding as an individual
Immediate gratification= pleasure now rather than sacrifices for future rewards
Present time orientation= present more important than future, no long term goals
WC internalise values of subculture through socialisation
Why do WC have different values?
WC jobs are less secure, no career structure, fewer promotions.
MC jobs are secure, continuous advancement, increasing ambition to gain qualifications
How do compensatory education programmes tackle cultural deprivation?
- provide extra resources to schools in deprived areas
- sesame street transmits attitudes and values (punctuality, numeracy, literacy)
Evaluate cultural deprivation:
- Keddie, WC culture not deficient, should challenge teachers with WC prejudices
- Blackstone + Mortimore, attend fewer parents evenings due to work not lack of interest
What is material deprivation?
Poverty and lack of material necessities (housing, income etc)
- 90% failing schools in deprived areas
How does housing affect achievement?
- overcrowding can’t concentrate, disturbed sleep
- temporary accommodation disrupts education
- damp housing, ill health, absence from school (indirect)
How does diet and health affect achievement?
- Howard, poorer homes, lack of energy vitamins & minerals, affecting concentration can lead to absences
- Wilkinson, poorer children more likely to have behavioural problems (hyper activity, anxiety) affect education
