class differences- external factors Flashcards
working class achievement
they considerably and consistently underachieve compared to middle class students. they go on to be more manual workers with jobs such as plumbers, lorry drivers, cleaners.
middle class achievement
non manual workers such as doctors, teachers and managers
cultural deprivation theory
working class parents fail to transmit appropriate norms, values and knowledge which is the right culture needed for educational success.
cultural deprivation theory
Keddie –> a child is culturally different not culturally deprived, their failure is due to middle class values dominating the education system
language codes
Bernstein-
restricted code= used by the w/c, simple short sentences with grammatical errors which are context bound
elaborative code= used by m/c, analytical, longer, complex sentences that aren’t context bound
evaluation: not all people who use the restrictive code fail and the “blame” isnt down to w/c families
parental education
douglas parental education affect child’s educational achievement = w/c parents place less value on education so their children recieve less encouragement and therefore achievement. feistein= m/c parents socialise their children differently, eg- m/c parent are more consistent in discipline
Evaluation: Blackstone and Mortimore –> w/c parents work longer/less regular hours or are put off by the school atmosphere
working class subcultures
sugarman, these subcultures act as a barrier to educational achievement= 1-fatalism 2-collective 3-immediate gratification 4-present time orientation
this contrasts with m/c jobs (higher level of achievement) which encourage ambitionand long term planning.
compensatory education
policies designed to tackle cultural deprivation (providing extra resources to deprived areas)
eg: Sure start (2000s) and Education Action Zones (EAZ- 1990s)
material deprivation
poverty and lack of material necessities (eg. adequate housing/income)
almost 90% of failing schools are in deprived areas
housing
direct and indirect effect of achievement:
overcrowding = difficult to study
temporary accommodation = frequent moving
poor housing = health problems = absences
diet
Howard –> children from poorer homes have a lower intake of energy, vitamins and minerals, which lowers immune system and energy levels = absences/ emotional + behavioural problems
cost of education
lack of financial support means that children will miss out on things that would enhance their education
tanner –> costs of transport, uniforms, books, computers, lesson equipment place heavy burdens on poorer families
cultural capital
Bourdieu
the knowledge, attitudes, values, language and abilitiues of the middle class –> achieved through different cultural experiences
economic capital
Bourdieu
money and household income –> achieved by being middle class
Leech and Campos –> m/c parents can afford to live in the catchment areas of more successful schools
educational capital
Bordieu
being academically succesful —> achieved through having access to the other capitals
