class differences (external)

Question 1

ao2 cultural deprivation - by the age of 3….

Answer 1

children from disadvantaged backgrounds are already up to 1 year behind those from more privileged homes

Question 2

three main aspects of cultural deprivation

Answer 2

language
parents education
working class subculture

Question 3

language - cultural deprivation and sociologist

Answer 3

Bernstein
restricted code - used by the working class, has limited vocabulary, the use of short often unfinished grammatically simple sentences

elaborated code - used by the middle class, has wider vocabulary, based on longer grammatically more complex sentences

these differences give middle class children an advantage in school because the elaborated code is used in schools

Question 4

restricted code

Answer 4

used by the working class, has limited vocabulary, the use of short often unfinished grammatically simple sentences

Question 5

elaborated code

Answer 5

used by the middle class, has wider vocabulary, based on longer grammatically more complex sentences

Question 6

parents education - cultural deprivation and sociologist

Answer 6

Douglas
middle class parents received better education and higher qualifications so ..

parenting style = MC more likely to emphasise discipline and higher expectations - WC are harsh with discipline = less learning and independence

parenting education behaviours = MC more likely to read, help with homework and go to parents evenings as they’re more aware of what’s needed for their children’s education

use of income = MC earn more because of higher education and spend their income in ways to promote their kids education. Mc mothers more likely to buy educational toys

Question 7

working class subculture - cultural deprivation and sociologist

Answer 7

sugarman

WC subculture has 4 features that act as a barrier to educational achievement
1. immediate gratification - wanting reward now not later
2. fatalism - believing no matter what they do , they won’t be successful
3. collectivism - valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual

WC kids internalise these beliefs and this results in underachievement

Question 8

why do the WC subcultures exist - cultural deprivation and sociologist

Answer 8

sugarman
Mc jobs are secure for continuous advancement this encourages ambition

WC are less secure with no career structure

parents pass on these values through primary socialisation

Question 9

cultural deprivation - compensatory education (ao3)

Answer 9

tackles the problem of cultural D by providing extra resources

e.g Sure start

Question 10

cultural deprivation ao3

Answer 10

Keddie describes CD as a ‘myth’ and a victim blaming explanation. WC ids are simply culturally different not deprived - they fail because the education system is dominated by MC values

Wc parents attend fewer parents evenings not because lack of interest but because they work longer or less regular hours and lack the knowledge and resources to help their kids

Question 11

parents language - cultural deprivation - ao3

Answer 11

Troyna and Williams - problem isn’t the Childs language but the schools attitude towards it - teachers have a speech hierarchy and they place MC the highest

Question 12

material deprivation

Answer 12

not having enough wealth and income

Question 13

department of education a02 - material D

Answer 13

1/3 of pupils eligible for free school meals achieve 5 or more GCSE at A*-C

Question 14

housing - material deprivation

Answer 14

WC houses are more crowded = harder to study, disturbed sleep, development impaired because less space to play

cold/ damp = ill health

Question 15

diet - material D

Answer 15

Howard
- young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins
- = weakness immune system
= school absences and difficulty concentrating

Wilkinson
- lower social class = higher rate of hyperactivity, anxiety = negative effect son education

Question 16

howard - material d

Answer 16

• young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins
• = weakness immune system
  = school absences and difficulty concentrating

Question 17

Wilkinson - material d

Answer 17

• lower social class = higher rate of hyperactivity, anxiety = negative effect son education

Question 18

financial support - material d

Answer 18

• lack of support = kids have to go without equipment and experiences that enhance education
• cost of items e.g transport, books, uniform puts heavy burden on poor families so kids have to have hand me downs and chaser stuff = bullying and isolation from peers
• lack of funds = kids have to work- negative impact on education

Question 19

fear of debt - material d

Answer 19

may deter Wc students from going to uni

Callender and jackson - attitude of debt is important in choosing what uni

most det adverse (WC) 5x less likely to go than debt tolerable (MC)

WC who do go to university are less likely to receive financial support from family

Question 20

cultural capital

Answer 20

material d and cultural d are interlinked

knowledge, attitudes, values and abilities of the MC

through their socialisation MC kids acquire ability to understand what the education system requires for success

gives MC kids advantage in school where such abilities are values

WC kids see school devalues their culture as inferior and lack of cultural C leads to exam failure

MC have more cultural c