class and achievement Flashcards
external factors - material deprivation
housing - overcrowding, temporary accommodation, cold/damp living conditions
health - ill health - howard - poor families have lower intake of vitamins and minerals
finances - tanner - w/c can’t afford equipment
material deprivation criticism
sure start policy, EMA
external factors - cultural deprivation
language - bernstein - speech codes, bereiter & engelmann - w/c communicate through deficient language
parents’ education - douglas - w/c parents lack interest in education -> seen by infrequent visits to school
parents’ educational behaviours - sugarman - w/c subcultural values -> fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, present time orientation
cultural deprivation criticism
parents’ education - blackstone & mortimore - parents do care but dont visit school bc of shift patterns and school promotes m/c values
keddie - cultural deprivation is a myth - w/c culturally different not culturally deprived
external factors - cultural capital
cultural capital - bourdieu - gives m/c advantage bc ability and knowledge they have are valued and rewarded at school
economic capital - material wealth
educational capital - educational qualifications
internal factors - labelling - becker + criticism
becker - interviewed 60 highschool teachers and found they have image of ideal pupil - m/c pupils fit closest to image
+C - hempel jorgenson - different teachers have different notions of ideal pupil and it’s not always linked to class
internal factors - SFP - rosenthal and jacobson
covert study - students tested then R&J chose 20% at random and labelled them as ‘spurters.’ a year later they returned at the school and found that 47% of those students made significant progress - SFP
internal factors - setting, streaming & subcultures - lacey
participant and non-participant
observation of boys’ grammar school - 2 reasons why s/c form - differentiation & polarisation
s/cs form as result of differentiation which leads to polarisation
differentiation and polarisation definitions
differentiation - process where teachers categorise pupils according to what they perceive the students’ ability and behaviour to be like
polarisation - process where pupils respond to streaming by moving to one of two opposite ‘poles’ or extremes - pro and anti school s/cs
internal factors - setting, streaming & subcultures - hargreaves
w/c boys viewed as ‘triple failures’ - failed 11+, in bottom set and labelled as ‘worthless louts’ so form s/cs where high status is given to those who break rules
internal factors - marketisation - A-C economy and educational triage - gillborn and youdell
marketisation contributes to widening gap in achievement between w/c and m/c
A-C economy - schools allocate time, resources and effort towards students who have potential to increase position on league table
educational triage - process through which teachers decide which students who have highest chances of getting 5+ A*-C grades
internal factors - selection - bartlett
cream skimming - select high ability students who will get A*-C and offer them a place at the school - tend to be m/c
silt shifting - reject applications from students with learning difficulties or behavioural problems - likely to underachieve - tend to be w/c
