Class 9. Health Promotion - Toddlers, Pre-schoolers Flashcards
Toddler Nutrition Issues
Toddler appetite slump:
-lower growth rate result in lower needs
-advise parents to offer small amounts of high-nutrition foods, do not force food, give independence as much as possible, advise parents to look at week’s intake and not just the day’s intake
Iron deficiency anemia:
-avoid excessive milk and juice
Bottle mouth syndrome or early childhood caries
Teeth care
0-3 yr
if at risk for tooth decay, brush teeth by parent w/ fluoridated toothpaste (size of a grain of rice)
if not at risk of tooth decay, brush w/ water only
Risks:
-non-fluoridated water
-visible defect; white chalky on teeth
-regularly consumers sugar between meals
-special needs that make cooperation with toothbrushing a challenge
-brushes <1x/day
-premature with BW <1500g
-parent has tooth decay
-visible plaque
Toilet training
Involves:
Physical readiness:
-18-24 mon: voluntary control of sphincters
-able to stay dry for 2 hrs
-regular bowel movements
-gross motor skils-sitting, walking, squatting
-fine motor skills - taking off clothes
Mental readiness:
-recognizes the need to void/defecate
-verbal or nonverbal communication skills to indicate when wet or needs to go
-cognitive skills to imitate behaviour and follow directions
Psychological readiness:
-wants to please parents
-able to sit for 5-8 min without fussing
-curious about adults - wants wet or soiled diapers changed
Parental readiness:
-recognizes child’s level of readiness
-low stress, willing to give the time when they have to go
Toddler Behavior
-temper tantrums
-discipline
-negativism
-safety
-ritualism
-sibling rivalry
Stress in Toddlers
Toddlers experience stress thru:
Negativism:
autonomy is threatened, may be contrary
Regression:
fear of losing new skills, may feel helpless
Rigidity:
wants own way, upset when rituals are disrupted
Self-centredness:
does not want to share
Separation anxiety:
fear at being apart from parent
Stranger anxiety:
fears strangers, shy
Security object:
loss or misplaced is devastating
Overdoing:
overstimulating and overtired
Illness and hospitalization
Violence:
in family, community, media, school
How toddlers cope with stress
Acting out, temper tantrums
Regression- touchpoints vs abnormal stress
Fears
injury prevention
falls
poisoning
burns
drowning
MVA
choking, suffocation
Pre-schooler temperament
-area of concern is the effect of temperament on adjustment in group situations like school
-degree of adaptability to new situations, intensity of response, distractibility, amount of persistence, mood, and activity level
-child preparation
Aggression
def: behaviour that attempts to hurt someone or harm property
-influenced by biologic, familial, and sociocultural
-factors that increase aggression:
-frustration, modeling, reinforcement
Fears
greatest number of imagined fears present during preschool years
dark, being left alone, animals, ghosts, sexual matters (castration), objects/people associated with pain
cause unknown
Sleep problems
preschool years are prime time for sleep disturbances
-trouble going to bed
-bedtime fears
-waking during night
-sleep terrors/nightmares
this may prolong bedtime through elaborate rituals
interventions differ greatly
ingestion of injurious agents
-most cases in <6 yrs
90% occur at home
call poison control BEFORE initiating any tx
possible tx:
-Ipecac (home) - not recommended
-gastric lavage
-activated charcoal
-chelation therapy
-antidotes
Ipecac, or syrup of ipecac (SOI), is a medication once used to induce vomiting
Lead poisoning prevention
Test water of well source for lead
Screen children for risk of exposure:
-question parents about age and condition of home
-question parent about hobbies and occupations
Avoid use of pottery or ceramic dishes that have not been fired
Make sure child does not have access to peeling paint or chewable surfaces with lead-based paint
When remodeling older homes, avoid exposure of child to dust and paint
