Class 9. Communicable Diseases Flashcards
Epidemiologic triangle
host
agent
environment
chain of infection
infectious agent
source
exit
mode of transmission
portal of entry
susceptible host
Mode/means of transmission
Direct Transmission:
-contact between the infected person and another person
ex touching contaminated skin surfaces, sexual contact
Indirect Transmission:
-common vehicle/vector moves the disease to a new host
ex contaminated water, mosquito
-may be airborne, waterborne, vector-borne, or vehicle-borne
Knowing mode of transmission is important to do infection control
Immunity
Def: an inherited or acquired state in which the individual is resistant to the occurrence/effect of a specific disease (particularly an infectious agent)
types:
Innate Immunity:
-non-specific
-protective mechanisms already in the body
ex skin, coughing, sneezing, mucous membranes
Acquired Immunity:
-Active) immunity produced by own immune response thru natural disease or vaccine
-long lasting
-Passive) transfer of antibodies produced by one human to another ex via placenta, milk
-temporary
Communicable Diseases in children
<5 yrs are at greatest risk
dt:
-immature immune system
-maternal antibodies from birth are decreasing
-group settings increase exposure-immunizations do not cover all diseases
Stages of communicable disease progression
Incubation period:
-time between infection/exposure and appearance of initial symptoms
Period of communicability:
-time during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly/indirectly from infected person to another person
Prodromal:
-interval between the time when early manifestation of the disease appears to the time when overt clinical syndrome is evident
Common Childhood Diseases CONTROLLED by Vaccines
(Highlighted)
-measles, mumps, rubella, -varicella
-tetanus
-pertussis
-diphtheria
-Rotavirus - oral vaccine
-Hepatitis A, B
-Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)
-Pneumococcus
-Meningococcus
Common childhood communicable diseases NOT CONTROLLED by vaccines
fifth disease
Roseola
Scarlet fever
Impetigo
Conjunctivitis
Mononucleosis
Scabies
Pinworms
HIV
Hepatitis C
varicella (chicken pox) -vaccine 18 mon
Agent: varicella-zoster virus
macule/papule->vesicle->crust
highly pruritic
central, spreads to face and arms
-secondary bacterial infections, encephalitis, varicella pneumonia
vaccine at 18 mon
Choose the incorrect statement:
-Typical symptoms include a rash that turns into blisters, fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, and headache.
-The vaccination for chickenpox is a series of two doses.
-Serious complications include bacterial infections of the skin, infection of the lungs, infection or swelling of the brain, bleeding problems, sepsis,
and dehydration.
(-)Chickenpox and shingles are interchangeable names for the same illness.
Diphtheria
vaccine yes
What body system is most commonly infected by the Diphtheria bacteria?
-Circulatory system
-Lymphatic system
-Gastrointestinal system
(-) Respiratory system
-not common in North America
-sore throat, low-grade fever
-white membrane on tonsils
-lymphadenitis “bull neck”
-potential airway obstruction
Mumps
vaccine yes
What is a common sign or symptom of mumps:
-Drooling
-Lifelong eating disorder
-Shrinking of salivary glands
(-) Swelling of the testicles
-(highlighted) longterm complication: sterility
-spread via saliva
-enlarged parotid glands (cheek/ear area)
-may need iv fluids if unable to drink
measles (Rubeola)
vaccine yes
Measles is one of the most contagious of all infectious diseases. What level of precaution is required for a patient diagnosed with measles?
-Contact
-Droplet
-All of the above
(-)Airborne
(highlighted) Koplik spots specific to measles (little red systemic spots. Look in their mouth)
1st day rash on top half, 3rd day whole body
Pertussis (Whooping cough)
vaccine yes, but childhood vaccines don’t give lifelong immunity
What are the signs and symptoms for pertussis? (select all that apply)
-Productive cough
-Running nose
-Afebril
(-)Dry cough
(-)Bulging eyes
(-)Cyanosis
-short rapid cough followed by sudden inspiration = whooping sounds
-might vomit after coughing because coughing so hard
-distressed look while coughing
-discharge from resp tract
-cheeks become flushed and cyanotic
-eyes bulge
-tongue protrudes
Poliomyelitis (polio)
vaccine yes
A patient presents with fever, sore throat, headache and stiff neck. The nurse suspects that the patient has polio, as the child is unvaccinated. What is not a diagnostic test to diagnose Polio?
-Stool test
-Urine sample
-MRI
(-)Chest X-ray
-source: feces, oropharyngeal secretions
-nonparalytic and paralytic symptoms
-pain and stiffness in neck, back, legs
-can have CNS paralysis
Rubella (German measles)
vaccine yes
Rubella is characterized by which of the following?
-Fever
-Sore throat
-Swelling of the lymph nodes
-Malaise
-Rash
(-)All of the above
(highlighted) management: avoid contact with pregnant women
-because rubella is teratogenic to a fetus
-can monitor rubella titers in pregnant
adolescent
