Class 8 - Clinical Psychology - History of Psychological Interventions Flashcards
1
Q
Where did the greatest breakthroughs and zeitgeist changes in psychology occur?
A
In Europe
– Psychology didn’t begin in Europe,
necessarily, as we have seen. The
greatest breakthroughs and zeitgeist
changes did, though.
2
Q
Overview/main point of first 5 slides: Psychology diverting from medical, neurophsychology to look at unconciousness mind. Frued might had brought up this up during this time that even today we study how can we access our mind, unconsciousness. Bimarstan know it could work but they did not do much as compared to frued. Frued played a key role as he tooks actions like study hyspetria and connect mind to physical symptoms to further study the mind,consciousness.
A
3
Q
How did Freud’s time in Paris with Charcot influence his view of psychology?
A
Freud observed – Charcot using hypnosis – to treat hysteria, – which helped him – see a connection – between the mind and physical symptoms—leading to the foundation of clinical psychology.
4
Q
Why is Freud credited with pushing psychology into mainstream science rather than earlier figures like Al-Razi from the Islamic Golden Age?
A
Freud took actionable steps, – such as studying hysteria – and – linking the mind to physical symptoms, – which helped establish psychology as a distinct scientific discipline.
5
Q
What was Charcot’s approach to hypnosis?
A
Charcot used an empirical approach – without fully understanding – how it worked.
6
Q
Why was hypnosis significant in early psychology?
A
Hypnosis altered behavior – and was used – in mental health institutions – to manage symptoms, – particularly in patients with hysteria.
7
Q
How did Freud’s experience with Charcot shape the development of psychology?
A
Observing Charcot use hypnosis to treat hysteria, – Freud realized – the connection between the MIND and PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS.
Unlike past figures like Al-Razi, – Freud took actionable steps to establish psychology as a scientific discipline, pushing it into mainstream focus.
8
Q
What was Josef Breuer’s role in early psychology?
A
Breuer was a physician – who practiced hypnosis – and developed the “talking cure,” – which helped patients relieve symptoms – by DISCUSSING their THOUGHTS and EMOTIONS.
9
Q
Who was Anna O.?
A
A patient – suffering from hysteria.
10
Q
Why was Anna O.’s case significant?
A
Her symptoms improved – through HYPNOSIS and TALKING THERAPY, – leading to the development of the “talking cure” – and the early foundations of PSYCHOTHERAPY.
11
Q
What was the “sandbox” analogy in therapy?
A
The sandbox analogy – represented the idea – that exploring and expressing emotions – in therapy – could reveal underlying psychological issues, —- much like shaping something in a sandbox reflects one’s thoughts.
12
Q
Why did Freud and Breuer eventually part ways?
A
Freud’s obsession with sexuality – as the root of all psychological issues – caused a rift between him and Breuer, – leading to the end of their collaboration.
13
Q
How did Breuer’s approach influence modern psychology?
A
Breuer’s work introduced the idea that psychological symptoms could be treated through CONVERSATION, – laying the groundwork for MODERN TALK THERAPY and PSYCHOANALYSIS.
14
Q
What was the significance of Josef Breuer’s work with Anna O.?
A
Breuer’s use of hypnosis and the “talking cure” – with Anna O. demonstrated that discussing THOUGHTS and EMOTIONS – could relieve psychological symptoms. —- This approach, later called “CATHARSIS,” laid the foundation for psychotherapy, – helping to establish psychology as distinct from medicine.
15
Q
The discovery of the talking cure led Freud and Breuer to publish which paper?
– possible exam questions.
A
Studies of Hysteria 1895
16
Q
Which book did Frued publish?
A
Landmark Book
17
Q
What term did Frued coin?
A
Psychotherapy
18
Q
Why is Freud considered the father of modern psychology over Breuer?
A
Although Breuer contributed key ideas:
- Freud formalized and expanded them, – co-authoring Studies on Hysteria
- Coining the term “PSYCHOTHERAPY”
- Founding a society for clinical psychology.
19
Q
What did Freud change about therapy after breaking away from Breuer?
A
Freud removed hypnosis from his practice – and focused on uncovering – Subconscious Thoughts – through TALK THERAPY and DREAM ANALYSIS.
20
Q
What were Freud’s views on the unconscious?
A
Freud focused on:
- Repressed Sexuality and
- Individual Unconscious Conflict.
21
Q
What were Jung’s views on the unconscious?
A
Jung believed in:
- He took more Spiritual approach and
- Emphasized the Collective Unconscious.
22
Q
What were the key differences between Jung’s and Freud’s views on the unconscious?
A
Freud focused on:
- Repressed Sexuality and
- Individual Unconscious Conflict.
While Jung believed in:
- A more Spiritual and Symbolic Unconscious and
- Emphasized the Collective Unconscious.
23
Q
Jung disagreed with which view of Freud?
A
With overemphasis on sexuality – and – saw him as dogmatic.
24
Q
Freud disagreed with which view of Jung?
A
Freud viewed Jung’s – spiritual ideas as unscientific.
25
**What school of thought** did Jung develop after breaking away from Freud?
Jung founded -- **Analytical Psychology**, -- a **system** **distinct** from -- **Freud’s Psychoanalysis**.
## Footnote
analytical psychology = Analytical psychology believes that the unconscious is the most important aspect of each individual's psyche, and that making as much of the unconscious known as possible can help with healing and the attainment of wholeness. Dreams are thought to be a part of the unconscious.
26
Alder from here on--
--
27
Which modern psychological approaches were influenced by **Adler’s** work?
* **Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy** (**CBT**)
* **Humanistic Psychology**
* **Existential Therapy**
28
How did **Adler** anticipate **cognitive approaches** in psychology?
By **proposing** that -- **Beliefs** and **Interpretations** -- shape **behavior**.
| **Beliefs** + **Interpretations** --> shape **behavior**.
29
What was Adler’s view of human nature?
| -- **Humanistic Psychology**
He saw humans as:
* **Purpose-driven** and **Socially embedded**
30
How does Adler’s work align with **existential therapy**?
| -- existential therapy = not imp as kevin didn’t know what it was.
He emphasized:
* **Choice**,
* **Responsibility**, and
* **Meaning** — as the **core elements of existential therapy**.
31
Frued from here--
--
32
What are **some major works** published by **Freud**?
1. **Interpretation of Dreams** - in 1900
2. **Psychopathology of Everyday Life** - in 1901
1. **Three Essays** on the **Theory of Sexuality** - in 1905
33
What **theory** did Freud propose regarding **development**?
The **Psychosexual Stages**:
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Maturity.
34
What **society** did Freud initially form with peers?
The **Wednesday Psychological Society**, -- later known as the **Vienna Psychoanalytic Society**.
35
How did Freud secure his name?
Through **year-after-year** **accomplishments**, (mention his ***3 major*** ***publications***) -- **original theories**, -- and **dedication** to **advancing** **psychotherapy**.
36
When did **Carl Jung** and **Alfred Adler** join the **International Psychoanalytic Association**?
In **1910**
37
What was a **major challenge** faced by **early psychologists**?
Psychologists were **often** **seen** as a **joke** in **society**, and —they **held themselves back**—**thinking** their **ideas were too good to be true**
38
Who were the FIRST 3 Clinical Psychologists?
1. **Frued**
2. **Jung**
3. **Alder**
39
Frued from here on--
--
40
What did Freud believe shaped behavior?
* **Repressed thoughts**
* **Unconscious desires**
41
What are Freud’s three components of personality?
* **Id**
* **Ego**
* **Superego**
42
What techniques did Freud use to explore the unconscious mind?
* **Free association**
* **Dream analysis**
43
What was Freud’s goal in therapy?
To make the:
* **Unconscious** **conscious** and
* **achieve catharsis**
44
What are Frued's main contributions to psychology?
45
Jung from here on--
--
46
What concept did Jung introduce involving emotionally charged associations?
**Complexes**
47
What are Jung’s universal, inherited symbols found in dreams and myths?
**Archetypes**
48
According to Jung, what are the two personality orientations?
* **Introversion**
* **Extraversion**
49
What did Jung believe the goal of life was?
* **Self-realization**
* **Finding one’s purpose**
50
What are Carl Jung’s main contributions to psychology?
51
Alder from here on----
----
52
How did Alder focus on Individual?
**Individual as whole**
53
What factor did Alder focus on?
**Social factors**
54
What key concept did Adler introduce related to self-esteem?
**Inferiority complexes**
55
What did Adler emphasize in therapy?
* **Assessing lifestyle**
* **Identifying** -- **maladaptive patterns**
* **Offering encouragement**
56
What are Alder's main contributions to psychology?
57
Who opened the world's first clinical psychology clinic and when?
**Lightner Witmer** in **1896**
58
What term is Lightner Witmer coin?
**Clinical Psychology**
59
What type of patients did Lightner Witmer treat?
He treated -- **children** -- with **educational difficulties**.
60
What did Witmer do to manage the growing demand at his clinic?
* He **hired** **staff**
* **Opened** an **office**
* Began **training new psychologists**
61
Who is credited with founding the first clinical psychology clinic, and what were his major contributions to the field?
* **Lightner Witmer** founded the world’s first clinical psychology clinic in **1896**.
* He **coined** the term “**Clinical Psychology**"
* Treated **children with educational difficulties**.
* He also created a **journal** called **Psychological Clinic**.
* **Trained new psychologists** within **his clinic**.
62
How did the **World Wars** Shape psychology? -- **from here on-**--
**WW1** = **1914 - 1918**
**WW2** = **1939 - 1942**
63
In which historical event was **Clinical** **Psychology** created?
**World War I**
64
What event triggered World War I?
The **assassination** of **Ferdinand**.
65
What is "**shell shock**" and when did it become widely recognized?
Shell shock was a **term** used to **describe**:
* **Disorientation**
* **Tremors**
* **Fatigue**
* **Emotional instability**
**in soldiers**, widely recognized during **WWI**.
66
What caused the increase in cases of shell shock during WWI?
1. The horrors of **trench** **warfare**
2. **Constant** **bombardment**
3. **Psychological strain** of **prolonged combat**
67
How did World War I contribute to the development of clinical psychology, and what was "**shell shock**"?
* **World War I** highlighted the **psychological impact of combat**, especially through the **phenomenon** of "**shell shock**"—a condition marked by disorientation, tremors, fatigue, and emotional instability **caused** by the **horrors of trench warfare**.
* Shell shock drew **attention** to the **NEED** for **psychological care**.
68
What role did Maudsley Hospital play in treating soldiers with shell shock during World War I?
* Maudsley Hospital was **one** of the **first** to **treat soldiers** suffering from **nervous shock**.
* Anybody **who** could **help** was **called upon** since doctors
were in **short supply**.
It was **unclear** -- **what caused shell shocked**.
* **Army** was **desperate** seeking **options** to **help soldiers** who **suffered** from shell shock. This is when **psychologits** came into picture and **offered** help.
* This **increased** interest in **psychology** and helped **secure funding** for its **development**.
69
70
How did World War I impact the development of psychology?
The **war** -- **created** a **demand** -- for **treating** **shell shock**, -- **leading** to the **expansion** of **military psychology** and the **legitimization** of **psychology** as a **scientific discipline**.
71
Why were psychologists called upon to treat shell shock during World War I?
Due to -- a **shortage** of **doctors** -- and the **failure** of purely **biological treatments,** -- **psychologists** were **asked** to **develop psychological approaches** -- to **treat soldiers**.
72
What psychological theories influenced the treatment of shell shock?
* Psychologists used ideas from **Freud**, **Jung**, **Adler**, ***psychotherapy***, ***humanism***, and **hypnosis** to help **soldiers recover.**
* What they found is that **just talking to the soldier helped** soldiers **feel better**.
73
How did military psychiatry change during World War I?
Psychology became a **trainable discipline**, -- and **entire hospitals were went** -- from **fully biological treatments** -- into -- **fully psychological treatments** to **treat soldiers.**
74
Why did psychology gain credibility as a medical science during World War I?
The **success** of **psychological** **treatments** -- for shell shock patients -- **demonstrated** that **mental health issues** -- could be **treated** **effectively**, -- helping **psychology gain recognition**.
75
What % of shell shock victims had a family history of psychological disorders?
**74%**
76
How did eugenics play a role in legitimizing military psychology during World War I?
| -- Exam question
**Eugenics** **provided** access to **genetic records**, ( ***74% % of shell shock victims had a family history of psychological disorders***) -- **linking** **shell shock** to **family histories** of **psychological disorders**. -- This **reinforced** the idea that **psychology** was the **best field** to **address** these **issues**. -- **Psychologists** were **deployed** to **battlefields**, proving their **effectiveness** -- and -- establishing **MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY** as a **legitimate discipline**.
77
What was the **purpose** of the **Army Alpha** and **Army Beta** tests during World War I?
| -- Exam ques
* The **tests** were **designed** to **classify** and **sort troops** based on **IQ**.
* **Army Alph** a was for **literate English speakers**, (asked to be in **battle field**)-- while ***Army Beta*** was for ***illiterate or non-English speakers*** (provided roles like **military chef**). -- They helped **determine** the **best role**s for **soldiers** in the **military**.
78
# --
How were the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests linked to eugenics?
| -- Exam ques
**Eugenics** associated **intelligence** with **hereditary traits**, -- and **psychologists** used **intelligence tests** -- like **Stanford-Binet**-- to **sort soldiers**. ---The tests **reinforced** -- the **idea** of **ranking individuals** -- **based** on **cognitive ability**, -- influencing **later civilian testing**.
## Footnote
-- EUGENICS = darwin's cousin = francis galton, killed people, advanced breed, IQ due heredetry, evolution.
79
Why was intelligence testing important for the U.S. military during WWI?
With **millions of new troops**, -- the **military** -- **needed** a **quick way** -- to **assign** **roles effectively.** --- The **intelligence tests** helped match **soldiers** to **positions** -- where **they could perform best**.
80
What were the early efforts of **applied psychologists** during WWI, and why were they largely **ineffective**?
**Applied psychologists** **attempted** -- to **detect** **vulnerability** -- to **shell shock**, --- but these efforts were largely **ineffective** -- due to the **primitive understanding of trauma** -- at the **time**.
81
How did applied psychologists **contribute** to the war effort beyond shell shock detection?
**Applied psychologists** -- **assisted** in **personnel placement**, **ensure** that **individuals** were **suited for specific roles.**
82
What did World War I introduce to the average citizen and policymakers regarding psychology?
World War I introduced -- **intelligence** **testing**, -- **aptitude assessment**, -- and **shell shock**, -- helping psychology **transition** from "**just philosophy with numbers**" -- to a discipline that **could offer solutions to human problems**.
83
How was the shell shock test developed during wartime?
Psychologists -- **interviewed** **shell-shocked troops** -- to **IDENTIFY** -- **COMMON PERSONALITY TRAITS** between them. -- This approach **aimed** to **predict** **susceptibility** to **shell shock**.
84
What impact did the shell shock test have on psychology?
It showed that **psychological** **tests** were **NOT limited** to **intelligence**, -- **inspiring** psychologists -- to **develop** **tests** -- for **hospitalized patients**.
85
Why did psychologists create the **American Association of Clinical Psychologists** (**AACP**)?
The **APA** had **limited roles** -- for **clinical psychologists**, -- so they **formed** -- **their own organization** -- to **advance** their **practice** and **professional** **identity**.
86
How did wartime efforts legitimize psychology as a profession?
* **Psychology** was **recognized** -- as **distinct** -- from **medicine** and **psychiatry**.
* Psychologists were **brought** into **army offices** and **hospitals**, and **universities** -- **expanded psychology programs** to prepare for **future wars**.
87
What happened to psychology in the interwar period?
The interwar period saw a **boom** in **psychology**, -- with **rapid development** of **new approaches** -- like ***behaviorism***, ***humanistic*** ***psychology***, ***cognitive*** ***psychology***, ***gestalt***, and ***child psychology***. --- Psychology expanded **beyond academia** -- **into clinical practice**.
88
Why did government and military organizations request psychologists in the interwar period?
**Governments** saw -- the **value** of **psychologists** -- in **decision-making roles**, -- especially to:
* **Prepare for future wars** and
* **Address** -- **lingering mental health issues** -- like ***shell shock***.
## Footnote
Industrialization → Mass Institutionalization → World War I → World War II → Mass Deinstitutionalization
89
What societal movement that emphasized scientific understanding and rehabilitation over medication alone?
| -- exam question
**Mental Hygiene Movement**
90
What were the 4 goals of the Mental Hygiene Movement?
or
What did Mental Hygiene Movement advocate for?
| -- EXAM QUESTTION
1. **Early identification** and **treatment** -- of **mental illness**.
2. **Better conditions** -- in **asylums** and **psychiatric hospitals**.
3. **Educate** the **public** -- to **reduce stigma**.
4. **Promote** -- **emotional well-being**.
91
**Which** country became the hub of psychological advancements after WWI, and **why**?
* The **United States of America**.
* Because **psychology** -- shifted towards **American-style behaviourism** -- and -- **pragmatic applications**.
92
How did the focus of psychology change in the USA post-war?
Psychology **shifted** -- from **introspective**, -- **mind-based exploration** --- to **pragmatic**, -- **Behaviourist** **Approaches**, --- **focusing** on **Production** and **Practical Applications** -- rather **than** -- **treating** it -- **as** an **art form**.
93
**WW2** --
--FROM HERE ON--
-- **1939 - 1942**--
94
How did the role of psychologists differ between WWI and WWII in the war effort?
* In **WWII**, -- psychologists were **called upon** -- **from** the **beginning** -- **of** the **war** -- and were **respected** for **their** **contributions**.
* Unlike **WWI**, -- where **psychologists** -- had to **prove** **themselves**. --
95
What is the difference between how "shell shock" was treated in WWI and how it was treated in WWII?
* In **WWI**, -- "**shell shock**" was the **term** used, -- but there **was little protocol** -- for **treating** **it**.
* In **WWII**, -- "**shell shock**" was -- **replaced** by "**Combat Stress Reaction**" (**CSR**) -- or "**battle fatigue**," -- and there **was an immediate protocol in place** -- for **dealing** with **it**.
96
**What** is the **PIE** treatment plan used by psychologists during WWII?
* The PIE treatment plan, introduced in WWII, **stood** for **Proximity**, **Immediacy**, and **Expectancy**.
* **Proximity** = meant -- **keeping soldiers close** -- to the **battlefield**.
* **Immediacy** = meant -- **treating** -- **symptoms** **quickly**.
* **Expectancy** = meant -- **expecting soldiers** -- to **recover** **quickly** -- from **their** **symptoms**.
97
How did psychologists contribute to the military effort in WWII compared to WWI?
| -- zeitgesit changed towards psychology/psychologists. exam question.
* In **WWII**, = psychologists were **directly** **involved** -- in the **military effort** -- and were given a **spot** -- alongside **doctors** and **nurses**.
* They **provided useful tools** and **protocols**, -- such as the ***PIE*** ***treatment plan***, -- to **support** **soldiers**.
* Whereas in **WWI**, = psychologists were -- **more distant** from the **front lines** -- and -- had **less immediate involvement**.
98
How did WWII change the status of psychologists within the military and society?
* Psychologists **became** **essential** to **military effectiveness**, gained **STATUS** and **CREDIBILITY**.
* The **military** began -- **directly funding psychological research**, -- **elevating** the **profession's role**.
99
What **3** **major factors** transformed clinical psychology **during and after WWII**?
1. The **psychological toll** of **war**, -- especially in **returning** **veterans**.
2. **Massive government investment** -- in **mental health services**.
3. **Formalization** of -- **clinical** **training** **programs** and **licensing**.
100
How did WWII create an unprecedented **NEED for psychological care**?
| -- exam quesion
The war -- **exposed** -- the **severe** **psychological toll** on **soldiers**, -- **leading** to an **urgent demand** -- for **mental health services** -- and -- **professional psychological support**.
101
How did WWII transform the role and status of psychologists, and what factors contributed to this change?
WWII elevated psychologists to essential contributors in the military, with direct funding for research and greater **SOCIETAL** credibility. The war's psychological toll, especially on returning veterans, massive government investment in mental health, and the formalization of clinical training and licensing all drove this transformation. Before WWII, clinical psychology was a minor field, but the unprecedented **need** for psychological care during the war expanded its importance and influence.
102
What was the **VA Clinical Psychology Training Program**?
**US Veterans Administration** launched to **train** **thousands** of **clinical psychologists**.
**Training** expanded **beyond testing** to **Psychotherapy,** **Rehabilitation,** and **research**
103
How did the **GI Bill** impact psychology after WWII?
* **Millions** of **veterans** -- **used** the **GI Bill** -- to **attend** **college**.
* Many **pursued** **psychology**, -- expanding the **field's workforce** and **academic programs**.
* **Led** to -- **standardized** **university training** -- for **psychologists**.
104
What **psychological INTERVENTIONS** were developed for soldiers during WWII?
* **Short-term therapy** -- expanded to **cover** all **trauma**-- not just **combat stress**.
* **Group therapy** -- reduced **stigma**, -- **boosted morale**, -- and -- **fostered team cohesion**.
* **Group support** -- was **effective** -- and -- **influenced** **future therapies** like **AA**.
105
How did **Social Psychology** contribute to the military during WWII?
* Focus -- **shifted** from "**hating the enemy**" -- to **fostering** "**troop bonding**".
* **Research** by **Samuel Stouffer** showed **Cohesion** **Lowered Combat Stress**.
* **Community building -- and -- frequent mail** ("Good News from Home") -- **campaigns improved morale**.
106
How did WWII and its aftermath shape the growth of **Clinical** and **Social** **Psychology**, and **what** **Interventions** were developed to support soldiers?
3. The **US** **VA** **administration** -- **launched** -- major **training programs** -- to train **clinical psychologists**, -- for **Psychotherapy,** **Rehabilitation,** and **research**
4. The **GI Bill** -- allowed **millions** of **veterans** -- to **attend college,** -- flooding psychology programs and growing the profession.
4. **Short-term therapy** -- expanded to cover -- **all** **trauma**, -- **not** just battlefield stress (**CSR**).
5. **Group therapy** -- reduced **stigma**, -- fostered **empathy**, -- and -- **strengthened team cohesion**.
6. **Social psychology** -- emphasized ''**bonding**'' -- ''**over enemy hatred**''; -- **morale** was **improved** -- through **frequent mail** and **community building**.
7. **Research** by **Samuel Stouffer** showed **cohesion** **lowered combat stress**.
8. Helped -- **fund the research** -- that lead to **antidepressants**.
107
What key question arose as psychologists became more involved in therapy after WWII -
and
What was their aim?
* Whether **psychologists** should be -- **Scientists**, -- **Clinicians**, -- or **Both**.
* Aim was to **UNIFY PRACTICE** and **ensure psychologists** were **trained** in **academic PhD training** and **supervised clinical internships**.
108
In what year did Boulder Conference happen?
In **1949**
109
What was the purpose of the **Boulder Conference** (1949)?
* To **standardize** **psychological training** across **institutions**.
110
Why was standardization in clinical psychology important?
* **Without it**, -- programs would **differ** -- and -- **professionals** would have **inconsistent training**.
* Standardization **ensured** psychologists **learned** the **same practices**, **increasing CREDIBILITY**.
* Helped **UNIFY** the profession **across** **different institutions**.
111
Why was it important for clinical psychologists to also be researchers?
* Public had **strong faith** in **science** and **technology**.
* **Research practices** -- **boosted** **trust** -- in **clinical** **psychology**.
* **Shifted** **away** from **less** **standardized approaches** -- (e.g., ***Freudian*** ***psychoanalysis***) -- to **evidence-based methods**.
112
What did the Boulder Conference help develop besides standardization?
**L** - **C** - **A** - **R**
1. **Licensure**
2. **Certification**
3. **Accreditation**
4. **Reinforcing Psycholgy's Credibility**
113
What was the purpose and impact of the Boulder Conference (1949) on clinical psychology?
1. Aimed to unify and standardize clinical psychology training across universities.
2. Introduced the Boulder Model, requiring psychologists to be both clinicians and scientists.
3. Ensured programs included academic PhD training and supervised clinical internships.
4. Emphasized research-based, scientific methods over unstandardized practices like Freudian analysis.
5. Led to the development of licensure, certification, and accreditation, reinforcing psychology’s credibility.
114
What **caused** **tension** between **clinical psychologists** and **psychiatrists** after **WWII**?
* **Clinical psychologists** -- began **providing** -- **talk therapy**, -- **diagnostic testing**, -- and **treatment** **planning**.
* This **challenged** -- the **traditional dominance** -- of -- **psychiatrists** -- in **mental** **health**.
* **Key questions** **emerged**:
**Who could provide therapy?**
**Who could diagnose?**
**Who could prescribe medication?**
115
How did clinical psychology respond to tensions with psychiatry?
* Psychology established its **own** **professional identity**.
* **Developed** -- **licensure**, -- **certification**, -- and **accreditation systems**.
* **Mandated** -- **clinical internships** as **part** of **training**.
* **Focused** on -- **Assessment**, **Psychotherapy**, -- and -- **Behavior Change**.
116
What is the **key difference** between **psychiatrists** and **clinical psychologist**s **today**?
* **Psychiatrists**: Focus on **biological** -- and -- **pharmacological** **treatments** (e.g., ***medication***).
* **Clinical Psychologists**: **Specialize** on -- **Assessment**, **Psychotherapy**, -- and -- **Behavior Change**.
117
How did the relationship between clinical psychology and psychiatry evolve after WWII?
* After WWII, **clinical psychologists expanded into talk therapy, diagnostic testing, and treatment planning**, -- **CREATING** **TENSION** with psychiatrists who traditionally dominated mental health care.
* This led to debates over who could diagnose, provide therapy, or prescribe medication.
* **In response**, psychology developed its own identity with licensure, certification, and mandatory internships.
* **Psychiatrists** focused on biological and pharmacological treatments, -- while **clinical psychologists** specialized in assessment, psychotherapy, and behavior change.
118
What is the full form of NIMH?
**National Institute of Mental Health**
119
When was **National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)** established?
In **1949**
120
Why was the establishment of the **National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)** in **1949** significant?
* The **establishment** of **NIMH** -- in **1949** -- marked a **major milestone** -- as it **created** -- a **separate** **institution** -- **dedicated** to -- **mental health research**, -- **distinct** from **physical health**.
* It showed -- **government recognition** -- of **psychology’s importance** -- by **officially** -- **allocating budgetary funds**.
* NIMH **became** (and **remains**) -- a **leading center** -- for **psychological** **research**, -- **reinforcing** the **need** for **specialized mental health focus**.
