Class 8 - Clinical Psychology - History of Psychological Interventions Flashcards
Where did the greatest breakthroughs and zeitgeist changes in psychology occur?
In Europe
– Psychology didn’t begin in Europe,
necessarily, as we have seen. The
greatest breakthroughs and zeitgeist
changes did, though.
Overview/main point of first 5 slides: Psychology diverting from medical, neurophsychology to look at unconciousness mind. Frued might had brought up this up during this time that even today we study how can we access our mind, unconsciousness. Bimarstan know it could work but they did not do much as compared to frued. Frued played a key role as he tooks actions like study hyspetria and connect mind to physical symptoms to further study the mind,consciousness.
How did Freud’s time in Paris with Charcot influence his view of psychology?
Freud observed – Charcot using hypnosis – to treat hysteria, – which helped him – see a connection – between the mind and physical symptoms—leading to the foundation of clinical psychology.
Why is Freud credited with pushing psychology into mainstream science rather than earlier figures like Al-Razi from the Islamic Golden Age?
Freud took actionable steps, – such as studying hysteria – and – linking the mind to physical symptoms, – which helped establish psychology as a distinct scientific discipline.
What was Charcot’s approach to hypnosis?
Charcot used an empirical approach – without fully understanding – how it worked.
Why was hypnosis significant in early psychology?
Hypnosis altered behavior – and was used – in mental health institutions – to manage symptoms, – particularly in patients with hysteria.
How did Freud’s experience with Charcot shape the development of psychology?
Observing Charcot use hypnosis to treat hysteria, – Freud realized – the connection between the MIND and PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS.
Unlike past figures like Al-Razi, – Freud took actionable steps to establish psychology as a scientific discipline, pushing it into mainstream focus.
What was Josef Breuer’s role in early psychology?
Breuer was a physician who practiced hypnosis – and developed the “talking cure,” – which helped patients relieve symptoms – by DISCUSSING their THOUGHTS and EMOTIONS.
Who was Anna O.?
A patient – suffering from hysteria.
Why was Anna O.’s case significant?
Her symptoms improved – through HYPNOSIS and TALKING THERAPY, – leading to the development of the “talking cure” – and the early foundations of PSYCHOTHERAPY.
What was the “sandbox” analogy in therapy?
The sandbox analogy – represented the idea – that exploring and expressing emotions – in therapy – could reveal underlying psychological issues, —- much like shaping something in a sandbox reflects one’s thoughts.
Why did Freud and Breuer eventually part ways?
Freud’s obsession with sexuality – as the root of all psychological issues – caused a rift between him and Breuer, – leading to the end of their collaboration.
How did Breuer’s approach influence modern psychology?
Breuer’s work introduced the idea that psychological symptoms could be treated through conversation, – laying the groundwork for MODERN TALK THERAPY and PSYCHOANALYSIS.
What was the significance of Josef Breuer’s work with Anna O.?
Breuer’s use of hypnosis and the “talking cure” – with Anna O. demonstrated that discussing THOUGHTS and EMOTIONS – could relieve psychological symptoms. —- This approach, later called “CATHARSIS,” laid the foundation for psychotherapy, – helping to establish psychology as distinct from medicine.
The discovery of the talking cure led Freud and Breuer to publish which paper?
– possible exam questions.
Studies of Hysteria 1895
Which book did Frued publish?
Landmark Book
What term did Frued coin?
Psychotherapy
Why is Freud considered the father of modern psychology over Breuer?
Although Breuer contributed key ideas:
- Freud formalized and expanded them, – co-authoring Studies on Hysteria
- Coining the term “PSYCHOTHERAPY”
- Founding a society for clinical psychology.
What did Freud change about therapy after breaking away from Breuer?
Freud removed hypnosis from his practice – and focused on uncovering – Subconscious Thoughts – through TALK THERAPY and DREAM ANALYSIS.
What were Freud’s views on the unconscious?
Freud focused on:
- Repressed Sexuality and
- Individual Unconscious Conflict.
What were Jung’s views on the unconscious?
Jung believed in:
- He took more Spiritual approach and
- Emphasized the Collective Unconscious.
What were the key differences between Jung’s and Freud’s views on the unconscious?
Freud focused on:
- Repressed Sexuality and
- Individual Unconscious Conflict.
While Jung believed in:
- A more Spiritual and Symbolic Unconscious and
- Emphasized the Collective Unconscious.
Jung disagreed with which view of Freud?
With overemphasis on sexuality – and – saw him as dogmatic.
Freud disagreed with which view of Jung?
Freud viewed Jung’s – spiritual ideas as unscientific.
What school of thought did Jung develop after breaking away from Freud?
Jung founded – Analytical Psychology, – a system distinct from – Freud’s Psychoanalysis.
analytical psychology = emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind, archetypes, and the pursuit of wholeness and self-realization.
Alder from here on–
–
Which modern psychological approaches were influenced by Adler’s work?
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Humanistic Psychology
- Existential Therapy
How did Adler anticipate cognitive approaches in psychology?
By proposing that – Beliefs and Interpretations – shape behavior.
What was Adler’s view of human nature?
– Humanistic Psychology
He saw humans as:
- Purpose-driven and Socially embedded
How does Adler’s work align with existential therapy?
– existential therapy = not imp as kevin didn’t know what it was.
He emphasized:
- Choice,
- Responsibility, and
- Meaning — as the core elements of existential therapy.
Frued from here–
–
What are some major works published by Freud?
- Interpretation of Dreams - in 1900
- Psychopathology of Everyday Life - in 1901
- Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality - in 1905
What theory did Freud propose regarding development?
The Psychosexual Stages:
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Maturity.
What society did Freud initially form with peers?
The Wednesday Psychological Society, – later known as the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.
How did Freud secure his name?
Through year-after-year accomplishments, (mention his 3 major publications) – original theories, – and dedication to advancing psychotherapy.
When did Carl Jung and Alfred Adler join the International Psychoanalytic Association?
In 1910
What was a major challenge faced by early psychologists?
Psychologists were often seen as a joke in society, and —they held themselves back—thinking their ideas were too good to be true
Who were the FIRST 3 Clinical Psychologists?
- Frued
- Jung
- Alder
Frued from here on–
–
What did Freud believe shaped behavior?
- Repressed thoughts
- Unconscious desires
What are Freud’s three components of personality?
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
What techniques did Freud use to explore the unconscious mind?
- Free association
- Dream analysis
What was Freud’s goal in therapy?
To make the:
* Unconscious conscious and
* achieve catharsis
What are Frued’s main contributions to psychology?
Jung from here on–
–
What concept did Jung introduce involving emotionally charged associations?
Complexes
What are Jung’s universal, inherited symbols found in dreams and myths?
Archetypes
According to Jung, what are the two personality orientations?
- Introversion
- Extraversion
What did Jung believe the goal of life was?
- Self-realization
- Finding one’s purpose
What are Carl Jung’s main contributions to psychology?
Alder from here on—-
How did Alder focus on Individual?
Individual as whole
What factor did Alder focus on?
Social factors
What key concept did Adler introduce related to self-esteem?
Inferiority complexes
What did Adler emphasize in therapy?
- Assessing lifestyle
- Identifying – maladaptive patterns
- Offering encouragement
What are Alder’s main contributions to psychology?
Who opened the world’s first clinical psychology clinic and when?
Lightner Witmer in 1896
What term is Lightner Witmer coin?
Clinical Psychology
What type of patients did Lightner Witmer treat?
He treated – children – with educational difficulties.
What did Witmer do to manage the growing demand at his clinic?
- He hired staff
- Opened an office
- Began training new psychologists
Who is credited with founding the first clinical psychology clinic, and what were his major contributions to the field?
- Lightner Witmer founded the world’s first clinical psychology clinic in 1896.
- He coined the term “Clinical Psychology”
- Treated children with educational difficulties.
- He also created a journal called Psychological Clinic.
- Trained new psychologists within his clinic.
How did the World Wars Shape psychology? – from here on-–
WW1 = 1914 - 1918
WW2 = 1939 - 1945
In which historical event was Clinical Psychology created?
World War I
What event triggered World War I?
The assassination of Ferdinand.
What is “shell shock” and when did it become widely recognized?
Shell shock was a term used to describe:
- Disorientation
- Tremors
- Fatigue
- Emotional instability
in soldiers, widely recognized during WWI.
What caused the increase in cases of shell shock during WWI?
- The horrors of trench warfare
- Constant bombardment
- Psychological strain of prolonged combat
How did World War I contribute to the development of clinical psychology, and what was “shell shock”?
- World War I highlighted the psychological impact of combat, especially through the phenomenon of “shell shock“—a condition marked by disorientation, tremors, fatigue, and emotional instability caused by the horrors of trench warfare.
- Shell shock drew attention to the NEED for psychological care.
What role did Maudsley Hospital play in treating soldiers with shell shock during World War I?
- Maudsley Hospital was one of the first to treat soldiers suffering from nervous shock.
- Anybody who could help was called upon since doctors
were in short supply.
It was unclear – what caused shell shocked. - Army was desperate seeking options to help soldiers who suffered from shell shock. This is when psychologits came into picture and offered help.
- This increased interest in psychology and helped secure funding for its development.
How did World War I impact the development of psychology?
The war – created a demand – for treating shell shock, – leading to the expansion of military psychology and the legitimization of psychology as a scientific discipline.
Why were psychologists called upon to treat shell shock during World War I?
Due to – a shortage of doctors – and the failure of purely biological treatments, – psychologists were asked to develop psychological approaches – to treat soldiers.
What psychological theories influenced the treatment of shell shock?
- Psychologists used ideas from Freud, Jung, Adler, psychotherapy, humanism, and hypnosis to help soldiers recover.
- What they found is that just talking to the soldier helped soldiers feel better.
How did military psychiatry change during World War I?
Psychology became a trainable discipline, – and entire hospitals were went – from fully biological treatments – into – fully psychological treatments to treat soldiers.
Why did psychology gain credibility as a medical science during World War I?
The success of psychological treatments – for shell shock patients – demonstrated that mental health issues – could be treated effectively, – helping psychology gain recognition.
What % of shell shock victims had a family history of psychological disorders?
74%
How did eugenics play a role in legitimizing military psychology during World War I?
– Exam question
Eugenics provided access to genetic records, ( 74% % of shell shock victims had a family history of psychological disorders) – linking shell shock to family histories of psychological disorders. – This reinforced the idea that psychology was the best field to address these issues. – Psychologists were deployed to battlefields, proving their effectiveness – and – establishing military psychology as a legitimate discipline.
What was the purpose of the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests during World War I?
– Exam ques
- The tests were designed to classify and sort troops based on IQ.
- Army Alph a was for literate English speakers, (asked to be in battle field)– while Army Beta was for illiterate or non-English speakers (provided roles like military chef). – They helped determine the best roles for soldiers in the military.
–
How were the Army Alpha and Army Beta tests linked to eugenics?
– Exam ques
Eugenics associated intelligence with hereditary traits, – and psychologists used intelligence tests – like Stanford-Binet– to sort soldiers. —The tests reinforced – the idea of ranking individuals – based on cognitive ability, – influencing later civilian testing.
– EUGENICS = darwin’s cousin = francis galton, killed people, advanced breed, IQ due heredetry, evolution.
Why was intelligence testing important for the U.S. military during WWI?
With millions of new troops, – the military – needed a quick way – to assign roles effectively. — The intelligence tests helped match soldiers to positions – where they could perform best.
What were the early efforts of applied psychologists during WWI, and why were they largely ineffective?
Applied psychologists attempted to detect vulnerability to shell shock, but these efforts were largely ineffective due to the primitive understanding of trauma at the time.
How did applied psychologists contribute to the war effort beyond shell shock detection?
Applied psychologists – assisted in personnel placement, ensure that individuals were suited for specific roles.
What did World War I introduce to the average citizen and policymakers regarding psychology?
World War I introduced – intelligence testing, – aptitude assessment, – and shell shock, – helping psychology transition from “just philosophy with numbers” – to a discipline that could offer solutions to human problems.
How was the shell shock test developed during wartime?
Psychologists – interviewed shell-shocked troops – to identify – common personality traits between them. – This approach aimed to predict susceptibility to shell shock.
What impact did the shell shock test have on psychology?
It showed that psychological tests were NOT limited to intelligence, – inspiring psychologists – to develop tests – for hospitalized patients.
Why did psychologists create the American Association of Clinical Psychologists (AACP)?
The APA had limited roles – for clinical psychologists, – so they formed – their own organization – to advance their practice and professional identity.
How did wartime efforts legitimize psychology as a profession?
- Psychology was recognized – as distinct – from medicine and psychiatry.
- Psychologists were brought into army offices and hospitals, and universities – expanded psychology programs to prepare for future wars.
What happened to psychology in the interwar period?
The interwar period saw a boom in psychology, – with rapid development of new approaches – like behaviorism, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, gestalt, and child psychology. — Psychology expanded beyond academia – into clinical practice.
Why did government and military organizations request psychologists in the interwar period?
Governments saw – the value of psychologists – in decision-making roles, – especially to prepare for future wars and address – lingering mental health issues – like shell shock.
What societal movement that emphasized scientific understanding and rehabilitation over medication alone?
– exam question
Mental Hygiene Movement
What were the 4 goals of the Mental Hygiene Movement?
or
What did Mental Hygiene Movement advocate for?
– EXAM QUESTTION
- Early identification and treatment – of mental illness.
- Better conditions – in asylums and psychiatric hospitals.
- Educate the public – to reduce stigma.
- Promote – emotional well-being.
Which country became the hub of psychological advancements after WWI, and why?
- The United States of America.
- Because psychology – shifted towards American-style behaviourism – and – pragmatic applications.
How did the focus of psychology change in the USA post-war?
Psychology shifted – from introspective, – mind-based exploration — to pragmatic, – behaviourist approaches, — focusing on production and practical applications – rather than – treating it – as an art form.
WW2 –
–FROM HERE ON–
–FROM HERE ON–
How did the role of psychologists differ between WWI and WWII in the war effort?
- In WWII, – psychologists were called upon – from the beginning – of the war – and were respected for their contributions.
- Unlike WWI, – where psychologists – had to prove themselves. –
What is the difference between how “shell shock” was treated in WWI and how it was treated in WWII?
- In WWI, – “shell shock” was the term used, – but there was little protocol – for treating it.
- In WWII, – “shell shock” was – replaced by “Combat Stress Reaction” (CSR) – or “battle fatigue,” – and there was an immediate protocol in place – for dealing with it.
What is the PIE treatment plan used by psychologists during WWII?
- The PIE treatment plan, introduced in WWII, stood for Proximity, Immediacy, and Expectancy.
- Proximity = meant – keeping soldiers close – to the battlefield.
- Immediacy = meant – treating – symptoms quickly.
- Expectancy = meant – expecting soldiers – to recover quickly – from their symptoms.
How did psychologists contribute to the military effort in WWII compared to WWI?
– zeitgesit changed towards psychology/psychologists. exam question.
- In WWII, = psychologists were directly involved – in the military effort – and were given a spot – alongside doctors and nurses.
- They provided useful tools and protocols, – such as the PIE treatment plan, – to support soldiers.
- Whereas in WWI, = psychologists were – more distant from the front lines – and – had less immediate involvement.
How did WWII change the status of psychologists within the military and society?
- Psychologists became essential to military effectiveness, gained STATUS and CREDIBILITY.
- The military began – directly funding psychological research, – elevating the profession’s role.
What 3 major factors transformed clinical psychology during and after WWII?
- The psychological toll of war, – especially in returning veterans.
- Massive government investment – in mental health services.
- Formalization of – clinical training programs and licensing.
How did WWII create an unprecedented NEED for psychological care?
– exam quesion
The war – exposed – the severe psychological toll on soldiers, – leading to an urgent demand – for mental health services – and – professional psychological support.
How did WWII transform the role and status of psychologists, and what factors contributed to this change?
A: WWII elevated psychologists to essential contributors in the military, with direct funding for research and greater SOCIETAL credibility. The war’s psychological toll, especially on returning veterans, massive government investment in mental health, and the formalization of clinical training and licensing all drove this transformation. Before WWII, clinical psychology was a minor field, but the unprecedented need for psychological care during the war expanded its importance and influence.
What was the VA Clinical Psychology Training Program?
US Veterans Administration launched to train thousands of clinical psychologists.
Training expanded beyond testing to Psychotherapy, Rehabilitation, and research
How did the GI Bill impact psychology after WWII?
- Millions of veterans – used the GI Bill – to attend college.
- Many pursued psychology, – expanding the field’s workforce and academic programs.
- Led to – standardized university training – for psychologists.
What psychological interventions were developed for soldiers during WWII?
- Short-term therapy – expanded to cover all trauma– not just combat stress.
- Group therapy – reduced stigma, – boosted morale, – and – fostered team cohesion.
- Group support – was effective – and – influenced future therapies like AA.
How did Social Psychology contribute to the military during WWII?
- Focus – shifted from “hating the enemy” – to fostering “troop bonding”.
- Research by Samuel Stouffer showed cohesion lowered combat stress.
- Community building – and – frequent mail (“Good News from Home”) – campaigns improved morale.
How did WWII and its aftermath shape the growth of Clinical and Social Psychology, and what Interventions were developed to support soldiers?
- The US VA administration – launched – major training programs – to train clinical psychologists, – for Psychotherapy, Rehabilitation, and research
- The GI Bill – allowed millions of veterans – to attend college, – flooding psychology programs and growing the profession.
- Short-term therapy – expanded to cover – all trauma, – not just battlefield stress (CSR).
- Group therapy – reduced stigma, – fostered empathy, – and – strengthened team cohesion.
- Social psychology – emphasized ‘‘bonding’’ – ‘‘over enemy hatred’’; – morale was improved – through frequent mail and community building.
- Research by Samuel Stouffer showed cohesion lowered combat stress.
- Helped – fund the research – that lead to antidepressants.
