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Pathophysiology 4 > Class 8 (2/25/21) - Geriatrics > Flashcards

Class 8 (2/25/21) - Geriatrics Flashcards

1
Q

Geriatrics?

A

The branch of medicine that treats all health problems associated with aging and the aged

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2
Q

What are health issues in elderly patients?

A

Loss of Autonomy
Loss of Physical Function
Loss of Mental Function
Abandonment

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3
Q

Functional evaluation?

A
  • ADL (Activities of daily living) - mean the ability of the elderly person to perform their own basic care: eating, using the toilet, dressing, walking, and bathing
  • IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living mean the ability of the elderly person to live independently: shop, manage finances, use a telephone, prepare meals, get around the community by oneself.
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4
Q

Geriatric Population at Risk “Frail Elderly”

A
  • Usually over 75
  • Multiple diseases and syndromes
  • Polypharmacy (4-5 medications)
  • Multiple physicians
  • Frequent utilizers of ED
  • High rates of Hospitalization
  • Significant functional psychosocial impairments
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5
Q

The fourteen I’s of geriatric medical practice

A 
Instability (when walking or standing)
Immobility
Intellectual impairment
Impairment of vision and hearing
Incontinence
Irritable bowel syndrome
Isolation, with possible depression
Inanition
Impecunity (lack of financial resources)
Iatrogenesis (suffering from mistakes by treating professionals)
Insomnia
Immune deficiency
Impotence
Improper labeling of the elderly person
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6
Q

Instability?

A

Degenerative changes in the balance centers of the brain coupled with increasing weakness of the muscles and stiffness of the joints and ligaments lead many elderly people to an instability whenever they are ambulatory.

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7
Q

____ are major problem in the older population

A

Falls

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8
Q

Immobility?

A

Weakness and stiffness may lead to decreasing activity. In addition, many of the elderly have chronic diseases, such as heart disease or diabetes, that result in increasing immobility

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9
Q

Intellectual impairment in elderly can be due to ____

A

Alzheimer’s disease, multi-infarct dementia, and the associated mental problems of Parkinson’s disease

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10
Q

Impairment of vision and hearing?

A
  • Decreased vision and hearing acuity

- Decreased ability to hear higher pitched (higher frequency) sounds

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11
Q

Incontinence

A
  • high percentage of the elderly have stress or urge incontinence of urine. Incontinence is common in women who have had children in younger years and in men with prostate enlargement. Incontinence can happen due to medications also.
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12
Q

IBS

A

is common in elderly

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13
Q

Inanition

A

Malnutrition due to improper eating can happen in elderly

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14
Q

Impecunity

A

lack of financial resources is seen in elderly

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15
Q

Insomnia in elderly?

A

Less sleep, less deep

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16
Q

Immune deficiency in elderly cause?

A

Increased incidence of infections

17
Q

Impotence in elderly

A

Common in elderly
Decreased testosterone in men
diminished libido in women

18
Q

Improper Labeling of the Elderly Person

A

Disoriented older patients in the hospital or nursing facility can be mislabeled as suffering from dementia when they are mentally competent but simply unable to process the confusing environment of a medical center

19
Q

latrogenesis

A
  • Suffering from mistakes made by treating professionals.

- The elderly is a vulnerable target for medical mistakes by doctors and nurses.

20
Q

Potential Complications of Bed-rest in Geriatric Patients

A 
Pressure sores
Bone re-absorption leading to osteoporosis
Postural hypotension 
pneumonia
Deep Vein thrombosis
Urinary incontinence, 
constipation
Decreased muscle strength
Decreased capacity for physical work
Contractions of joints
Depression, anxiety and disorientation
21
Q

Americans are living

A

longer

22
Q

Why are there so many old people today?

A
  1. Improvements in social living conditions: clean water, better infant survival, better fire protection
  2. Advances in medical science: improved survival rates for those with heart disease, diabetes, cancer, strokes, AIDS
  3. The birth rate: a large number of baby boomers are coming into old age.
23
Q

Nowadays the most common causes of death are due to

A
  • personal habits or health-damaging lifestyle behaviors
  • These include smoking, excessive drinking, overeating of a high-fat diet, obesity, lack of exercise, use of street drugs or misuse of prescriptions drugs, high-risk sexual behavior, and the failure to manage and cope with stress and anger properly.
    Many of these problem behaviors come home to roost when people reach their older years and develop cancer, heart disease, diabetes, or hypertension.
24
Q

Healthy aging is related to …

A 
Genes
Diet 
Social activity 
Exercise
Productive pursuit
25
Q

In elderly …

A
  • Decreased height (vertebral compression and increased kyphosis)
  • Decreased weight, over age 80.
  • Increased fat to lean-body ratio.
  • Decreased water content in skin.
  • Increased wrinkling.
  • Atrophy of sweat glands, affecting thermoregulation when it is very hot.
26
Q

Cardiovascular system in elderly …

A
  • Thickening of arteries.
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Decreased heart rate response to stress and exercise.
27
Q

Gastrointestinal tract in elderly …

A

Slower intestinal motility, so constipation
Decreased hydrochloric acid secretion.
Decreased number of taste buds.

28
Q

Kidney in elderly …

A

Decreased renal blood flow.

Decreased creatinine clearance.

29
Q

Skeleton in elderly …

A

Osteoarthritis

Osteoporosis

30
Q

Eyes in elderly ..

A

Arcus senile
thickening of lens, with less accommodation, myopia (decreased ability to see things in the distance clearly)
Hyperopia (decreased ability to see things that are close clearlyDecreased visual acuity

31
Q

Ears in elderly …

A

Decreased perception of high frequencies

32
Q

Endocrine system in elderly …

A

Decreased testosterone

33
Q

Nervous system in elderly …

A

Decreased brain weight, cortical cell count.

Decreased short-term memory.

34
Q

Primary prevention

A

Rendering the environment less harmful or the patient more resistant to disease

35
Q

Secondary prevention

A

This occurs when we are screening for the early detection of disease

36
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Efforts to modify or halt the progress of an established disease to prevent its spread or worsening. In a disease epidemic, for example, this would include isolation of people who are infected.

Pathophysiology 4 (15 decks)

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