Class 5 (2/4/21) Flashcards
Most rheumatic conditions involve pathological process involving …
Immune system.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is…
- Chronic systemic inflammatory disease.
- Polyarticular disease that most commonly involves the peripheral non-weight bearing joints.
- Progressive and results in pain, stiffness, and swelling of joints.
- Women are more affected.
- Age of onset is between 35 to 45.
Etiology of RA?
- Exact cause of RA is unknown.
2. A blend of environmental and genetic factors is responsible.
Pathophysiology of RA?
- Hypertrophy of synovial membrane.
2. Pannus formation results in destruction of articular cartilage and subchondral bone (bone erosion).
Presentation of RA?
- RA usually has an insidious, slow onset over weeks to months.
- Joints most commonly involved first are metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the hands, proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints, and wrists.
- Rheumatoid nodules are found most often on extensor surfaces such as olecranon process.
- Boutonniere’s deformity (flexed PIP, extended DIP)
- Swan neck deformity
- Ulnar deviation of wrist
- Extra-articular complications (Cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, ocular, vascular)
Lab studies in RA
- Positive serum RF (serum rheumatoid factor), about 70-85% of patients with RA.
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is elevated with 90% of patients with RA.
- C-reactive protein (CRP) is elevated in inflammatory disease.
- Complete blood count (CBC): presence of anemia.
Imaging studies in RA?
X-ray:
- Bone erosion and cycts
- Osteopenia
- Joint space swelling
- Calcification
- Narrowed joint space
- Deformities, separations, and fractures.
Diagnostic criteria for RA:
A patient must exhibit 4 of the 7 criteria:
- Morning stiffness lasting at least 1 hour and present for at least 6 weeks.
- Swelling in three or more joints for at least 6 weeks.
- Swelling in hand joints (MCP, PIP, wrist) for at least 6 weeks.
- Symmetrical joint swelling for at least 6 weeks.
- Erosions or decalcification (osteopenia) on x-ray of the hands.
- Presence of rheumatoid nodules.
- Elevated level of serum rheumatoid factor (RF)
Treatment of RA
- Moist heat (Paraffin bath)
Hubbard bath - hydrotherapy - Physical therapy
- Pain relief (NSAIDS/COX-2 inhibitor), NSAIDS reduces pain and inflammation.
- DMARDS - disease modifying antirheumatic drugs
- Glococorticoids/corticosteroids
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) &
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors [Celecoxib]
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs):
- NSAIDs have been the cornerstone of therapy for RA.
- NSAIDs reduce pain and inflammation and allow for improvements in mobility and function.
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors [Celecoxib]:
- Has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity. Blocks prostaglandin synthesis.
- Unlike other NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors suppress only cyclooxygenase-2, the enzyme involved in inflammation. COX-2 inhibitors also have fewer GI Side effects.
DMARDS - Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- First-line therapy (in addition to NSAIDS).
- These drugs most frequently are used in various combination therapy regimens.
- Limit the amount of joint damage that occurs in rheumatoid arthritis.
- Slow the disease and save the joints and other tissues from permanent damage.
- They are often used to try and control synovial inflammation, decrease erosions and reduce the necessity for corticosteroids.
- Associated with better long-term disability index.
Methotrexate - MTX (Rheumatrex)
- Gold standard of care in patients with RA.
- Has potent immunosuppressive effects.
Side effects: nausea, GI discomfort, rash, diarrhea, and headaches.
Rare SE: hepatotoxicity and bone marrow suppression. Therefore, a CBC, urinalysis, and comprehensive metabolic panel should be monitored every 4 to 6 weeks.
Sulfasalazine, antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine), gold
Immunomodulators: medications used to help regulate or normalize the immune system. Examples include one class of immunomodulator which is used as an adjunctive therapy to treat asthma.
Surgical therapy for RA
- Synovectomy - local destruction or removal of inflamed synovium from individual joints.
- Joint Replacement
- Joint Fusion - wrist, thumb, C-spine
- Reconstruction - tendon repair
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
- Development of autoantibodies.
- Affects multiple organ systems.
- Characterized by peripheral polyarthritis with symmetric involvement of small and large joints WITHOUT joint erosion.
- The disease is quite variable from patient to patient
and even within a given patient, the disease can
manifest as a highly variable course. - A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile
multi-systemic disorder of connective tissue,
characterized principally by involvement of skin, joint, and kidneys.
Epidemiology of SLE
- Greater incidence in women (due to estrogen, etc.)
- The onset of SLE is highest between the ages 15-
40 years old. (= SLE is the most common cause of systemic illness in young females between the
ages of 15 and 40 years). - It is three times more common in African American women in Caucasian women (also more common in women of Hispanic, Asian, and Native American descent
than in Caucasian women).
Pathogenesis of SLE
- It is a classic autoimmune disease.
- Target tissue damage is caused primarily by pathogenic
autoantibodies, and immune complex formation that
induces a vasculitis in many organ systems
Genetics on SLE
- Susceptibility to SLE depends on multiple genes.
- Multiple genetic defects appear to contribute to the
development of pathogenetic autoantibodies.
Environmental factors of SLE
- Ultraviolet light promotes apoptosis in dermal cells
which results in the proliferation of autoantibodies
including: antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA), Anti-dsDNA (anti-double-stranded DNA).
Hormonal influences of SLE
- Estrogen: prepubertal and postmenopausal women have similar incidence to men. Men who develop lupus have a higher concentration of estrogenic metabolites.
Medications capable producing lupus
- Anticonvulsants (dilantin, phenobarbital).
- Hydralazine ( antihypertensive – lower BP).
- Procainamide ( anti arrhythmic).
- isoniazid (anti-TB)…
Clinical findings of SLE
- Unexplained fever
- Extreme fatigue
- Malar flush on the face (SLE)/Discoid lesions on the skin
- Painful or swollen joints and muscle pain
- Pale or purple fingers or toes from cold or stress (Raynaud’s phenomenon)
- Sensitivity to the sun / Photosensitive dermatitis
Skin involvement in SLE
- Malar rash: (aka “butterfly rash”) the classic skin finding of SLE is the malar rash sparing the nasolabial folds.
- Discoid Lesion: Chronic discoid lesions with central atrophy, depigmentation.
- Raynaud’s phenomenon
Joint involvement of SLE
- Arthritis is common and affects both small and
large joints in a symmetric pattern. - The axial spine is not involved.
- Nonerosive: no bony erosions.
Renal involvement in SLE
- In patients younger than the age of 20 years,
the most common presentation is renal disease
manifesting with proteinuria. - ## Develop glomerulonephritis.
The best screening test for SLE is…
- Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test
- The presence of ANA antibodies is a hallmark of connective tissue disease and occurs in the majority of
lupus patients. - Anti-phospholipid antibodies: These antibodies interfere with the normal function of blood vessels and can lead to narrowing of the blood vessels or blood clots. These
complications can lead to stroke, heart attack, and miscarriage. - Anti-dsDNA (anti-double-stranded DNA), anti-Sm (anti-
Smith antibodies), and anti-RNP antibodies:
The antidsDNA and anti-RNP tests confirm whether there are antibodies being produced to the genetic material in the cell. The anti-Sm test measures if there are antibodies against a certain protein found in the nucleus of cells.