Class 6- Cellular Adaptation and Neoplasia Flashcards
Atrophy
- “use it or lose it”
- cells become smaller
- when occurring in the brain it becomes more gyrated
Hypertrophy
- enlarging of cells
- common in musculoskeletal
- from workload
Cardiac Hypertrophy
- increased workload (resistance to pumping)
- not healthy but considered normal
- does not relax properly
Hyperplasia
- increased number of cells
- common in prostate gland
Metaplasia
- when one organized type of cell is replaced by a different organized type of cell
- happens in respiratory tract from smoking or cervix from infection
- eg. columnar to squamous
- reversible if stressor is removed
Dysplasia
- change in size, shape, organization, and appearance of cells
- precursor to malignancy
- from cell stress
- still reversible *last chance
Neoplasia
- “new growth”
- tumor
- benign or malignant
- prefix indicates source tissue (lipo(fat) or adeno (glandular))
- suffix helps indicate benign or malignant
“oma” indicates
benign
“sarcoma” indicates
malignant
“carcinoma” indicates
malignant
Describe a Benign Tumor
- cells will differentiate
- grow slowly
- encapsulated
- local effects
- not invasive
- do not metastasize
Describe a Malignant Tumor
- cancerous
- poorly differentiated (anaplasia)
- grow rapidly
- non-encapsulated
- generalized effects
- invasive (sends out crab like extensions)
- can spread distantly (metastasis)
A-E of Malignant Skin
A- asymmetry B- border C- color D- diameter E- evolving
Cellular Adaptation from Physiologic to Pathogenic (6)
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
- Neoplasia
List the 12 Descriptors of Carcinogenesis
- Sustaining Proliferative Signalling
- Avoiding Immune Destruction
- Evading Growth Suppressors
- Enabling Replicative Immortality
- Tumor Promoting Inflammation
- Activating Invasion and Metastasis
- Genome Instability
- Inducing Angigenesis
- Resist Cell Death
- Deregulating Cellular Energetics
Sustaining Proliferative Signalling
stimulate themselves to grow continuously
Avoiding Immune Destruction
have “cloak” so T-Cells do not recognize
Evading Growth Suppressors
evade or do not have growth suppressors
Enabling Replicative Immortality
do not die
Tumor Promoting Inflammations
cyclical (tumors cause inflammation, inflammation causes tumors)
Inducing Angigenesis
create own blood supply
Resist Cell Death
no apoptosis
Deregulating Cellular Energetics
can use unusual sources of energy (pyruvic acid, lactic acid etc.)
What are the Three Most Important Characteristics of Carcinogenesis
- Sustained Growth
- Resist Death
- Invasion and Metastasis
- absent contact inhibition
- less adhesion
- no anchorage dependence
- motility
What is the Epidemiology of Carcinogenesis?
unknown
What is the Etiology of Carcinogenesis
- multifactoral alterations in genes
- tobacco
- age
- genetics
- down syndrome
- gender
- alcohol
- chronic inflammation
- infection
- occupation
- radiation (UV and Ionizing)
- # of sexual partners
- obesity
- hormones
- diet
What are some infections that can lead to carcinogenesis?
- H. pylori
- herpes
- HPV
- Hepatitis
How does a woman’s cycle affect cancer etiology?
- the more cycles a woman has the more hormone variations the body goes through and therefore the higher the risk
- early menstruation
- late menopause
- few pregnancies
Clinical Manifestations of Cancer
- fatigue
- anemia
- cachexia
- paraneoplastic syndromes
- pain
What causes fatigue to be a clinical manifestation in cancer?
dysregulation of physiologic, biochemical, and psychological cycles and systems
What causes anemia to be a clinical manifestations in cancer?
- low Hb from bone marrow invasion, bleeding tumors, malnutrition, or chemo
What is cachexia and what causes it to be a clinical manifestation in cancer?
- weight loss
- wasting of body muscle and fat
- common with solid tumors
- children and elderly
What causes pain to be a clinical manifestation of cancer?
- not common in early stages
- influenced by fear, anxiety, sleep loss, fatigue
Paraneoplastic Syndrome
malignant tumors secrete neurotransmittors
- ADH
- ACTH
- hypercalcemia
- pro-coagulation factors
Classification and Staging of Cancers
T- tumor N- nodes M- metastasis then Stage 0-4
What does “In situ” mean?
- in place
- has not invaded muscularis tissue
Radiation Therapy
- pre or post operative
- may be with surgury or chemo
- localized
- kill rapidly dividing cells
Cemotherapy
- systemic
- kill rapidly dividing cells
Hormone Therapy
- deprive cancer cells of hormone signals to divide
Biotherapy
- monoclonal antibodies
T- cells kill cancer cells
Side Effects of Chemo… why
- hair and skin loss
- bone marrow
- gastro ulcers
all of the above are rapidly dividing cells which chemo is designed to kill
