Class 3- Immunity Flashcards
Adaptive/Acquired Immunity is the body’s ____ line of defence.
third
Characteristics of Adaptive/Acquired Immunity
- Specificity (pathogen specific response)
- Memory (long term protection)
- Inducible (by vaccines or the like)
- Self- tolerance (identifies “self”)
Two “Arms” of Adaptive Immunity
- Humoral (B Cells)
2. Cellular (T Cells)
Describe Humoral Adaptive Immunity
- B Cells
- produces antibodies
- bacteria and viruses
Describe Cellular Adaptive Immunity
- T Cells
- react directly with antigen (protein) on cell surface
- viruses and cancer cells
What is Hypersensitivity?
- excessive/ inappropriate response to antigen resulting in disease or damage to host
- antibody (B) or Cell (T) mediated
What are the four types of Hypersensitivity?
- Allergy
- Autoimmunity
- Alloimmunity
- Self-Tolerance
Describe Allergy
- harmful effects of hypersensitivity to environmental antigens
Describe Autoimmunity
- disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens
Describe Alloimmunity
- immune reaction to tissues of another individual
- causes transplant or graft rejection
Describe Self-Tolerance
- body recognizes self-antigens as foreign, causes not understood
Describe Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
- IgE
- mast cell degeneration
- usually related to environmental allergens
Describe the steps of Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
- IgE binds to receptors on mast cells (Host is Sensitized)
_________Subsequent Exposure_________ - allergen binds with IgE on mast cell
- histamine binds with HI receptors that cause symptoms
What systems are most affected by Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions
- skin (itching, urticaria, edema)
- resp tract (rhinitis)
- GI tract (cramps, malabsorption)
Describe an Anaphylactic Reaction
- Predisposition
- Symptoms
- Treatment
- genetic predisposition
- wheezing/ difficulty breathing
- hypotension
- tachycardia
- nausea/vomiting
- diarrhea
- epinephrine
- corticosteroids
- antihistamines
Describe Type II Hypersensitivity Reaction
- IgM
- IgG
- antigen/antibody complex forms on cell surface
- tissue specific
- cells are lysed or phagocytized
Type II Allergy
- antibiotics (sometimes)
Type II Autoimmune
Thrombocytopnea
Type II Alloimmune
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
Describe Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
- Description
- Severity
- Treatment
- occurs with a mom who i Rh- and a baby that is Rh+
- during delivery of first baby, mom exposed to Rh factor
- mom develops antibodies to Rh factor
- in subsequent pregnancies the antibodies cause hemolysis in the fetus
- can be mild (jaundice) or severe (miscarraige)
- prevent formation of antibodies
- injection of Rh immuno globulin (rhogam) during pregnancy and after delivery prevents formation of antibodies
- identification of at risk babies (fetal Rh testing)
- intrauterine transfusion
- exchange transfusion after birth (removes hemolyzed RBC’s)
Describe Type III Hypersensitivity Reactions
- IgM
- IgG
- antigen/antibody complexes formed in circulation and later deposited in different tissues
Type III Allergy
- antibiotics (sometimes)
Type III Autoimmune
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- antigen/antibody complexes formed in circulation and later deposited in different tissues
- skin, muscle, bone, heart, kidneys, lungs, repro organs, nerves
- more common in females
Manifestations of Lupus
- arthralgias or arthritis
- vasculitis and rash
- renal disease
- hematologentic changes
- cardiovascular disease
Diagnosis of Lupus
- must have 4/11
1. Facial rash
2. Discoid Rash (raised/scaling)
3. Photosensitivity
4. oral/nasopharengeal Ulcers
5. Arthritis
6. Inflammation heart and/or lungs
7. Renal disorder
8. Neurologic disorder
9. Hematologic Disorder
10. Immune Disorder
11. Presence of Antibody
Describe Type IV Hypersensitivity
- cell mediated (T)
- contact dermatitis skin test for TB, poison ivy, acute, organ rejection
Type IV Alloimmune
Acute Organ Rejection
Acute organ Rejection
- T-cell response to unmatched HLA antigens
- within days to months of transplant
Type IV Autoimmune
Hashimato’s Thyroiditis
Prevention of Acute Organ Rejection
- Tissue Typing
- human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching - Immunosuppressive
- corticosteroids
- cytotoxic drugs (destroy lymph tissues)
- anti-lymphocyte serum: specific to T-cells
What is an immune deficiency?
- failure of immune mechanisms of self-defence
- primary or secondary
- B or T cells
Primary Immunodeficiency
usually from single gene abnormalities
Secondary Immunodeficiency
- more common
- aging
- complications of other conditions( trauma, stress, dietary insufficiencies, medical treatments, pregnancy, infection etc.)
- clinical hallmark: developmentof unusual or recurrent severe infections
B Cell Deficiencies (Humoral)
- recurrent and life- threatening bacterial infections
T Cell Deficiencies (Cellular)
- viral, fungal, yeast, atypical
- cancers
- usually more serious
General Treatment of Immunodeficiencies
- replace missing component of the immune system
- Gamma globulin Therapy
- transplantation (bone marrow, thymus, stem cell)
- Gene therapy
Primary T-Lymphocyte Deficiency
- Di George Syndrome
- partial lack of thymus
C- cardiac and aortic defects
A- abnormal facial features
T- thymic aplasia/hyperplasia
C- cleft palate
H- hypocalcemia/Hypoparathyroidism
Secondary T-Lymohocyte Deficiency
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- cause by HIV
- depletes body’s CD4 T-helper cells
- CD4 needed for development of both plasma cells (antibodies) and cytotoxic T cells
- incidence of HIV infection
- antiviral therapies have made HOB chronic
Epidemiology of HIV
- blood-borne pathogen transmitted through sexual contact, blood-to-blood, breastfeeding etc.
- increase in women (more than men)
most transmission through heterosexual contact
Stages of HIV/AIDS
- Acute Infection
- Clinical Latency
- AIDS
Describe Acute Infection Stage
- increased viral levels
- decreased CD4 cells
- antibodies within 4-7 weeks of exposure (sero-negative for 6-14 months)
- flu-like symptoms within 2-4 weeks
Describe Clinical Latency Stage
- asymptomatic
- can last decades with treatment
Describe AIDS Stage
- vulnerable to infections and cancers
How does stress effect the immune response?
- direct SNS innervation of thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph tissue, bone marrow
- receptors on immunce cells for stress hormones and neurotransmitters
- increase in cortisol, NE, E during stress
Increase in Stress hormones cause…
- atrophy of the thymus (less resistance to infections and cancer) (T)
- increased antibody response (B) (increased allergy and autoimmune response)
- may enhance or suppress inflammatory response (depends on stressor)
Stress is linked to…
- coronary disease
- cancers
- infections
- diabetes
- depression
- increased aging
