Class #5

Question 1

Who are the Indigenous peoples globally?

Answer 1

• WHO and UN using term Indigenous Peoples more and more
• Indigenous means “native to; sprung from the land”

Question 2

Who are the Indigenous peoples in Canada?

Answer 2

• Constitution Act of 1982
• Called “Aboriginal”, have been transitioning to Indigenous since 2015 (aligns with WHO and UN language)
• Included 3 groups:
• —–First Nation (Indian), Inuit, Metis (FNMI)
• Aboriginal – actually means “not original”

Question 3

Legal Categories:
What are the 3 different names for Indigenous or Aboriginal?

Answer 3

• First Nation or Indian
• Metis
• Inuit

Question 4

What is the legal category for First Nation or Indian?

Answer 4

• Status (or Treaty) Indian
• Non-Status Indian

Question 5

How do you build responsible relationships with Indigenous peoples?

Answer 5

1) Respect

2) Relevance

3) Reciprocal Relationships

4) Responsibility

Question 6

What does “respect” mean when building responsible relationships with Indigenous peoples?

Answer 6

There is not just one knowledge

Question 7

What does “relevance” mean when building responsible relationships with Indigenous peoples?

Answer 7

Not all knowledge is literate

Question 8

What does “reciprocal” mean when building responsible relationships with Indigenous peoples?

Answer 8

Teaching and learning is a 2-way process

Question 9

What does “responsibility” mean in building relationships with Indigenous peoples?

Answer 9

Shift to work WITH Indigenous peoples

Question 10

What are 4 components of Indigenous Health?

Answer 10

1) Greatly impacted by history of colonization, assimilation, and Residential schools

2) Physical and environmental conditions on reserves create health challenges (food security, clean water, adequate housing)

3) Poverty and social exclusion, poor education, addiction causing serious issues

4) Inadequate health care services and lack of access; also lack of traditional or culturally competent care

Question 11

What are strengths of Indigenous Peoples? (3)

Answer 11

1) Resistance

2) Resilience

3) Reclaiming

Question 12

Define “Resistance” when referring to the strengths of Indigenous Peoples?

Answer 12

Despite a concerted effort to assimilate the Aboriginal peoples of Canada, they have maintained their identities and their traditional culture

Question 13

Define “Resilience” when referring to the strengths of Indigenous Peoples?

Answer 13

Concept used to explain or understand positive adaptation to life despite harsh conditions

Question 14

Define “Reclaiming” when referring to the strengths of Indigenous Peoples?

Answer 14

Have experienced much loss. Working to reclaim their culture, their language, and their identity

Question 15

Pathways towards Reconciliation:
“Decolonization”

Answer 15

• Question and Alter Power Dynamics
• Challenge Cognitive Imperialism and Social/Political Ideologies
• Unlearning and Relearning
• Shifting Culture

Question 16

How do we build authentic and genuine relationships?

Answer 16

• Connect with the people and the place
• Be aware of the possible impact of past experiences
• Learn about their history and traditions
• Take time and let the community know who you are
• Know the people and community before providing assessments
• Be community-focused
• Support traditional culture and language
• Maintain a supportive attitude and develop genuine understanding

Question 17

What are the 4 roles for nurses when interacting with Indigenous peoples?

Answer 17

1) Learn about the Indigenous Peoples of Canada

2) Practice in Culturally Safe Ways

3) Respect Traditional Indigenous Ways

4) Build authentic relationships

Question 18

When interacting with Indigenous Peoples, the role for nurses is to learn about the Indigenous peoples of Canada. How does a nurse do this?

Answer 18

• Understand the political and social climate and general Canadian attitudes towards Indigenous peoples
• Understand the historical and contemporary contexts and their impact on Indigenous peoples and their health

Question 19

When interacting with Indigenous Peoples, the role for nurses is to practice in culturally safe ways. How does a nurse do this?

Answer 19

• Includes effective intercultural communication
• Problematic communication can become a patient safety issue
• Remember every individual is unique

Question 20

When interacting with Indigenous Peoples, the role for nurses is to respect traditional Indigenous ways. How does a nurse do this?

Answer 20

• Advocate for your patient’s rights
• May have a variety of traditional practices
• Family and Elders are also important

Question 21

What are the 3 Social Determinants of Aboriginal People’s Health?

Answer 21

1) Proximal

2) Intermediate

3) Distal

Question 22

Social Determinants of Aboriginal People’s Health:
Proximal

Answer 22

• Health Behaviours
• Physical Environments
• Employment and Income
• Education
• Food Insecurity

Question 23

Social Determinants of Aboriginal People’s Health:
Intermediate

Answer 23

• Health Care Systems
• Educational Systems
• Community Infrastructure, Resources and Capacities
• Environmental Stewardship
• Cultural Continuity

Question 24

Social Determinants of Aboriginal People’s Health:
Distal

Answer 24

• Colonialism
• Racism and Social Exclusion
• Self-Determination

Question 25

What are 4 determinants of health for Indigenous Peoples?

Answer 25

1) Systemic Racism, colonialism, and poverty are key factors influencing the health of Indigenous peoples

2) Has resulted in lower life expectancy (7 years), higher infant mortality rates, lower education and income levels, and higher unemployment rates among other health inequities

3) Has resulted in lower life expectancy (7 years), higher infant mortality rates, lower education and income levels, and higher unemployment rates among other health inequities

4) Need to use a strengths-based approach to partnering with Indigenous individuals, families, and communities

Question 26

What is the problem with utilizing terms such as Indigenous or Aboriginal?

Answer 26

• Terms Indigenous or Aboriginal lump all groups together
• However, they are very diverse from one another
• Lumping together causes a loss of their diversity and unique identity

Question 27

Define Indian

Question 28

Define Native

Question 29

Define Aboriginal

Question 30

Define FNMI (First Nation, Metis, and Inuit)

Question 31

Define Indigenous

Question 32

Define Settler

Question 33

Define Newcomer

Question 34

What is the purpose of treaties?

Answer 34

Treaties were made to establish peace, regulate trade, share land and resources, and arrange mutual defence

Question 35

How did Europeans view the making of treaties?

Answer 35

Treaty making among Europeans had a different meaning – recognize independence, claim sovereignty, and formally mark mutual respect

Question 36

What happened to treaties in the 1800’s?

Answer 36

However, in 1800s, treaties between Indigenous Peoples and non-Indigenous governments were undermined by policies of colonization and assimilation.

Question 37

What were Colonization practices and policies designed to do? (4)

Answer 37

• Remove indigenous people from their lands
• Suppress Indigenous nations and their governments
• Undermine Indigenous cultures
• Stifle Indigenous identity

Question 38

Define Assimilation

Answer 38

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into another. It is the aggressive cultural domination of one group over another.

Question 39

How did the Canadian government attempt to assimilate Indigenous Peoples?

Answer 39

Used tools like the Indian Act (1876, revised 1951, 1985), residential schools, relocation, and reserve policies

Question 40

What is historical trauma?

Answer 40

cumulative emotional and psychological wounding over the lifespan and across generations, due to loss of:

1) Culture, language, heritage, history, identity, land, livelihood, parenting skills, autonomy/self-determination

2) Also has resulted in legacies of intergenerational family violence.

Question 41

What is the result of colonization and assimilation?

Answer 41

Colonization and Assimilation tactics used have resulted in historical trauma for many Indigenous people

Question 42

Define Cognitive Imperialism

Answer 42

Society has accepted European ways of thinking (scholars that teach us right and wrong etc.,) that we view as being right. But there are other groups of peoples who have different ideas of right and wrong and instead we dismiss it as non-scientific.

This is a form of colonization… that certain groups of ideas are seen as superior to others

Question 43

What are 2 examples of ongoing Colonization?

Answer 43

• Trans Mountain Pipeline: Building the pipeline through indigenous Reserves.
• Nova Scotia: The bottom line is that First Nations fishermen have a right to fish, and other fishermen have reason to expect this right to be regulated so as to preserve lobster stocks.