Class #2

Question 1

What is evidence?

Answer 1

Generally refers to information derived from clinical research

Question 2

What is the purpose of Evidence Informed Practice? (EIP)

Answer 2

improve patient outcomes and to ensure that we are protecting ourselves as nurses

Question 3

How long can it take for new evidence to be adopted into clinical practice and policy?

Answer 3

17 years or more

Question 4

What are the 8 steps in the EIP process?

Answer 4

1) Reflection (What am I doing?)

2) Framing the Question

3) Searching for Literature

4) Critical Appraisal of Research Literature (Which literature is best/strongest?)

5) Syntheses of Findings from Divergent Literature

6) Adaption of Findings to practice (Can it applied/used in this situation?)

7) Implementation of Practice Change (Change management?)

8) Evaluation (Did it work? Impact on outcomes)

Question 5

How to Frame a Clinical Question? (PICOT)

Answer 5

P = population/participants (who?)

I = Intervention (What?)

C = Comparison (Control?)

O = Outcomes

T = Time (if applicable)

Question 6

What is the 6S pyramid? (Top to bottom)

Answer 6

1) Systems

2) Summaries

3) Synopses of Synthesis

4) Synthesis

5) Synopsis of studies

6) Studies

Question 7

What happens when you move downward in the 6S pyramid?

Answer 7

Level of detail and specificity increases as you move downward

Question 8

What happens when you move upwards in the 6S pyramid?

Answer 8

Applicability increases as you move upward

Question 9

What is Carper’s 4 Ways of Knowing?

Answer 9

1) Empirical

2) Personal

3) Ethical

4) Esthetic

Question 10

What is the goal of Carper’s 4 Ways of Knowing?

Answer 10

With the goal of providing appropriate, effective patient centred nursing care

Question 11

What does “Empirical” mean in regard to Carper’s 4 ways of knowing?

Answer 11

Facts, scientific knowledge (ie., pathophysiology, the rational behind the skills, evidences)

Question 12

What does “Personal” mean in regard to Carper’s 4 ways of knowing?

Answer 12

Knowledge of own self in a situation (ie., self reflection: what did you do well, what you could do better?) – Realizing that my interaction with my patients can affect their healing process

Question 13

What does “Ethical” mean in regard to Carper’s 4 ways of knowing?

Answer 13

Morally correct in a situation (ie., CNA codes of ethics, what is right/just an ought to be done etc.,)

Question 14

What does “Esthetic” mean in regard to Carper’s 4 ways of knowing?

Answer 14

Art of nursing, awareness of nursing in the moment of care (ie., empathy, caring, genuineness, respect, relational, being with the other, self-disclosure)

Question 15

What does emancipatory ways of knowing emphasize?

Answer 15

Emphasizes action that arises from an awareness of social injustices embedded in a social and political system

Question 16

What is Emancipatory ways of knowing also known as?

Answer 16

Social Justice

Question 17

What is Emancipatory ways of knowing able to recognize?

Answer 17

Is the human ability to recognize social and political problems of injustice or inequity, to realize that things could be different, and to work toward change that creates social justice for all

Question 18

Is hegemony often hidden?

Answer 18

Often hidden, taken as granted, taken as truth, and as the only possibility

Question 18

What is hegemony?

Answer 18

Dominate to a point but does not get challenged or questioned (viewpoints that are taken as truth and attempts to question them)

The dominance of certain ideologies, beliefs, values, or worldviews over other possible viewpoints

Question 18

What does emancipatory ways of knowing require?

Answer 18

Requires critical examination that aims to uncover why injustices seem to remain invisible

Question 19

What does hegemony tend to recreate?

Answer 19

Tends to recreate itself or perpetuate itself. Can be very hard to change

Question 20

Emancipatory knowing vs. hegemonic thinking/being

Answer 20

Emancipatory knowing works to “Free” us of hegemonic thinking/being

Question 21

Who are the Grey Nuns?

Answer 21

They provided quality nursing care to all without consideration of race or social class to justify provision of care

Cared for patients in homes and in the convent.

Later, established hospitals in many places, some of which still operate today (though often under new names now).

Question 22

Who was the founder of modern, professional nursing?

Answer 22

Florence Nightingale

Question 23

How did Florence Nightingale change nursing?

Answer 23

Applied principles of cleanliness and comfort

Dramatically decreased mortality and morbidity rates with simple nursing care

Question 24

How were nurses seen after the World War?

Answer 24

Began to be seen as a profession of specialization, skill, and bravery rather than simply a religious vocation

Question 25

What are some challenges regarding gender and diversity in nursing?

Answer 25

1) Nursing still seen as women’s work

2) Women seen as sexual objects

3)Traditional societal values negate nurturing roles for men – seen as effeminate or homosexual

Question 26

What was the first training school for nurses called?

Answer 26

St. Catherines Training School (1874)

Question 27

Who is the “Mother of Nurses in Canada?”

Answer 27

Mary Agnes Snively

Question 28

What did Mary Agnes Snively do for nursing?

Answer 28

• Superintendent at Toronto General Hospital School of Nursing
• Established proper living conditions for students, a curriculum, established criteria for clinical and educational time
• Formed Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses, which eventually became CNA (in 1924), recognizing that the nursing profession is unique

Question 29

What is the Royal Commission on Health Services of 1964?

Answer 29

Called for better prepared faculty in schools

Quality and standards must be met in nursing education programs

Basic integrated model (theory and practice) became the program of choice

Target date of 2000 for all nurses to be prepared at baccalaureate level

Question 30

What are some expanding roles for nurses in the 21st Century?

Answer 30

• Nursing Research
• Nursing Administration
• Nursing Policy

Question 31

What are some new challenges with nursing trends in the 21st Centurty?

Answer 31

• Chronic disease
• Physical inactivity and obesity
• Where we live and how we work
• Aging population
• Slowed growth of RN workforce
• Stress and mental health disorders are increasing
• Widening economic gap: poverty
• Meeting the basic health needs Indigenous peoples
• Access to healthcare for immigrants and greater need for cultural safety
• Changing family structure
• Climate change
• Technological changes
• Nursing’s impact on politics and health policy; activism
  Preparedness for pandemics and epidemics