Class 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The brain can be split up into three distinct features which are?

A

Brain Stem, cerebrum, & cerebellum.

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2
Q

In general what does the brainstem control?

A

Controls things that are vital functions of ANS

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3
Q

What does Medula Oblongata control?

A

Control of heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, & vomiting

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4
Q

What does Pons control?

A

The control of breathing

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5
Q

Midbrain controls/contains what?

A

Contains centres for visual reflex activities

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6
Q

What is Reticular Formation/what does it control?

A

Reticular formation is large part of brain stem consisting of small areas of loosely clustered nuclei & tracts. Helps maintain consciousness, causes awakening from sleep, filters out unimportant information, & contributes to regulating muscle tone. Injury to reticular formation can result in irreversible coma.

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7
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Cerebrum makes up largest portion of brain & consists of left & right cerebral hemispheres. Each
hemisphere controls contralateral side of body. Each cerebral hemisphere has 4 lobes.

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8
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere has 4 lobes which are?

A
  1. Frontal Lobe
  2. Parietal Lobe
  3. Occipital Lobe
  4. Temporal Lobe
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9
Q

What is the Frontal Lobe?

A

EXECUTIVE FUNCTION (executive functions are set of cognitive processes necessary for cognitive control of behaviour), thinking, planning, problem solving etc.

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10
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe?

A

Interpretation of sensory information. Contains sensory cortex where it receives information from sensory receptors in skin, muscles, & joints of contralateral side of body.

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11
Q

What is the Occipital Lobe?

A

Image processing of eyes

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12
Q

Cerebral cortex is the ______________________________. It consists of ______________. Grey matter is dominated by _______________________.

A

• 3-mm-thick outer layer of the cerebrum
• grey matter
• neuronal cell bodies

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13
Q

Remainder of the cerebrum is composed of ________________ (dominated by myelinated tracts) with small islands of grey matter within.

A

• white matter

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14
Q

What is Temporal Lobe?

A

• Interpreting sounds, language, memory.
• 2 areas Wernicke’s area & Broca’s area

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15
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Associated with comprehension of sounds
& language. Damage to Wernicke’s area of
temporal lobe results in Wernicke’s aphasia or fluent
aphasia. Aphasia is general term used to describe language disorder. Person will speak fluently in long sentences that have no meaning, add unnecessary
words, & create new words called neologisms.

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16
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

Associated with expression of sounds & speech.
Damage to Broca’s area of temporal lobe results in
Broca’s aphasia or non-fluent aphasia, in which person will have hard time finding words to speak. It’s the ability to produce language, so they will have trouble speaking, writing, or even signing.

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17
Q

What is Apraxia?

A

Poorly understood neurological disorder characterized by inability to perform familiar movements when asked, even though instruction is understood & there is willingness to perform
movement. Both desire & capacity to move are present by person simply cannot execute the act

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18
Q

What is Agnosia?

A

Inability to accurately process & perceive sensory
information

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19
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A

Damage to temporal lobe can cause prosopagnosia
aka faceblindness. Sufferers may not recognize familiar faces. Often misperceived as inability to remember names.

Face blindness often affects people from birth, is usually problem person has for most of their life. Can have a severe impact on everyday because inability to recognize faces is often misinterpreted by others as rudeness. Different people may show different types of level of impairments

Babies are able to recognize a wide variety of individual faces. From early on, children begin to prune their model of faces to those that are frequently exposed to. This part of typical neural pruning, process of removing neurones that are no linger used or useful in brain. Synaptic pruning is
important part of growth & development & is vital part of brains “maintenance routine”

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20
Q

What is Anosognosia?

A

Often mistaken for denial & stubbornness, is actually brain damage that can make it difficult for people to recognize their impairment. Awareness can change from day-to-day or even hour-to-hour, & this can make one’s behavior unpredictable. They may resist help, refuse treatment, become angry & defensive or dangerously overestimate their abilities.

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21
Q

The cerebrum has little bumps called __________, grooves are called ____________, and if they’re very deep, called ____________.

A

• gyri
• sulcui
• fissures

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22
Q

What is Central sulcus?

A

divides frontal & parietal lobe

23
Q

What is Postcentral gyrus?

A

Lies immediately posterior to central sulcus, involved in somatic sensation

24
Q

What is Precentral gyrus?

A

Lies immediately anterior to central sulcus, involved in voluntary movement

25
Q

What is Superior temporal gyrus?

A

Involved in hearing

26
Q

What is Sylvian Fissure?

A

Separates temporal lobe from frontal & parietal lobe

27
Q

What is Insula?

A

Borders & separates temporal & frontal lobes

28
Q

What is the insular lobe?

A

Portion of cerebral cortex folded deep within
lateral sulcus.

29
Q

What is lateral sulcus?

A

Separates temporal lobe from parietal & frontal lobes within each hemisphere.

30
Q

The insula plays a role in __________________________.

A

diverse functions usually linked to consciousness, emotion & homeostasis

31
Q

What are Von Economo neurons?

A

Found at a higher density in frontal insular cortex.
Are bipolar neurons, spindle shaped (wide in middle & taper on both ends) provide communication across relatively large brains of great apes, elephants & cetaceans.

Fast processing neurons seem to be involved in cognitive-emotional processes specific to highly intelligent animals, ex. empathy & metacognitive emotional feelings/judgment (metacognition is
awareness of one’s thought processes & understanding of patterns behind them).

May have a lot to do with empathy & compassion comes from imaging studies of people suffering from Frontotemporal Dementia. These sufferers often undergo startling change in personality marked by lack of empathy. These “extra fancy” &
vulnerable neurons start to disintegrate at about same time as empathy starts to disappear.

32
Q

Functional imaging experiments have revealed that insula has an important role in?

A

• awareness of pain in others
• bodily self awareness, for example HR & sense of bodily ownership
• response of disgust to bad smells & food
• response of disgust to social norm violations
• depersonalization disorder: Altered state of self awareness that results in feeling of disconnection, from oneself, ones surroundings, or both. These feelings can be triggered by intense stress or experiencing/witnessing disturbing events. When transient these feelings are considered normal response.
• Autoscopic phenomenon: visual experience where one sees an image of oneself in external space, viewed from within one’s own body-the out of body experience (OBE)

33
Q

What is depersonalization disorder? LCL

A

Altered state of self awareness that results in feeling of disconnection, from oneself, ones surroundings, or both. These feelings can be triggered by intense stress or experiencing/witnessing disturbing events. When transient these feelings are considered normal response.

34
Q

what is Autoscopic phenomenon?

A

visual experience where one sees an image of oneself in external space, viewed from within one’s own body-the out of body experience (OBE)

35
Q

What is Thalamus?

A

Major relay station for most sensory input to cerebral cortex. Also help relay motor signals, & involved in regulation of consciousness & alertness.

36
Q

What is Epithalamus?

A

Main function is to connect limbic system to other parts of the brain. Contains pineal gland. Involved in secretion of melatonin (involved in circadian rhythms).

37
Q

What is Hypothalamus?

A

A single hypothalamus is found behind eyes, and above pituitary gland. It’s divided into many distinct nuclei. Major function is homeostasis. Directs ANS & endocrine system & is influenced by many brain regions.

Main regulator of ultradian & circadian cycles.
Retina, along with photoreceptors that project to occipital lobe, also contains specialized cells that project directly to suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus.

38
Q

What are Circadian Rhythms?

A

Complete one cycle daily

39
Q

What is Ultradian Rhythms?

A

Greater frequency than (circadian), recurrent cycle repeated throughout a day (24 hour), ex. hormonal secretions, temperature, nostril dilation, & allergic diseases symptom severity. Circadian rhythm influences most ultradian rhythms.

40
Q

What is Infradian rhythms?

A

Has periods linger than a day e.g. human menstrual
cycle, seasonal issues such as seasonal affective disorder. Those affected are fine throughout most of year, but as a result of changes in amount of sunlight, exhibit depressive symptoms in winter.

41
Q

What is suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Works like internal clock, signalling other brain areas when it’s time to be awake & when to sleep, passes it on to pineal gland, then secretes hormone melatonin. Melatonin levels start to go up once sun sets & drop in morning when sun rises. Light is strongest synchronizing (entraining) agent for circadian clock.

Non-photic signals, such as melatonin supplements, physical activity, & stress, can also influence timing of circadian rhythms.

42
Q

What is Autonomic tone?

A

Balance between sympathetic & parasympathetic
nervous activity which is regulated by hypothalamus. Normal function of body needs tight balance between each system.

43
Q

What is the Pituitary Gland?

A

Pea-sized gland at base of brain, produces numerous hormones. Each of these hormones affects specific part of body (target organ or tissue).
Because pituitary controls function of most other endocrine glands, it’s often called master gland. Has two main glands, anterior & posterior pituitary.

44
Q

What is the Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis (HPA)?

A

Relationship between hypothalamus, pituitary gland & adrenal cortex is called HPA axis (alliance).

45
Q

What is the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus ?

A

PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS stimulates anterior lobe of pituitary gland to release cortisol, major stress hormone, from adrenal cortex. In normal release, cortisol has widespread actions which help restore homeostasis after stress. Cortisol levels rise in morning just before waking to increase blood glucose levels. Cortisol helps limit functions that aren’t essential in fight-or-flight situation. This acute, short-term stress response via HPA axis, stimulates immune response & arouses immunological memory for invaders. Once threat passes, usual levels return. Chronic stress leads to prolonged & excess cortisol secretion reducing sleep quality, which suppresses ability of immune system to do its job.

46
Q

What are the adrenal glands?

A

Lie above each kidney. Each adrenal gland
consists of two endocrine glands, central part is called adrenal medulla and other portion is cortex

47
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes ________________.

A

adrenalin (epinephrine)

48
Q

The adrenal cortex secrets?

A

1) androgens (e.g. testosterone)
2) glucocorticoids (a class of steroid hormones secreted during stress. Main glucocorticoid secreted by adrenal glands is cortisol

Commonly refer to these synthetic glucocorticoids as steroids. Often confused with anabolic steroid
compounds, used predominately to build muscle mass.

Cortisol works with epinephrine to create flashbulb memory. Flashbulb memory is highlight detailed, exceptionally vivid snapshot of surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event; although people are highly confident in their memories, details of memories can be forgotten & can be inaccurate.

49
Q

What is Addisons Disease?

A

Caused by destruction of adrenal cortex. Most common cause is autoimmunity. Diagnosis depends on showing that secretion of cortisol is low & that adrenal glands are damaged

50
Q

What is Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Collection of signs & symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cortisol resulting from medications or an adrenal tumor.

51
Q

Cortisone, Addison’s disease and Cushing syndome symptoms include?

A

weight gain, mostly around midsection & upper back, rounding of face (moon face) due to fat deposits, thinning skin, easy bruising, muscle weakness, severe fatigue, irritability, difficulty concentrating, high blood pressure, headache & osteoporosis. Cognitive conditions include memory & attention dysfunctions, as well as depression.

52
Q

What is a “cortisol saliva test”?

A

A “cortisol saliva test” samples saliva collected at night to see if cortisol levels are high. Cortisol levels drop significantly at night in people without Cushing’s syndrome.

53
Q

Long-term cortisone use may lead to _______________.

A

Cushing syndrome. Abruptly stopping can cause low blood pressure, low blood sugar, coma, & death.

54
Q

Massage modifications to take into consideration when taking Prednisone or Cortisone

A

For patient taking prednisone or similar drug, massage techniques that place stress on muscles, bones, & joints should be modified.

Since Cortisone cortisone also depresses patient’s
immune system, hygienic practices & measures
become even more important for massage therapists.