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Neurology > Class 1 > Flashcards

Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Afferent neurons?

A

Afferent (sensory) information is carried from bodies tissues, about its internal and external environments to central nervous system.

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2
Q

What are Efferent neurons?

A

Efferent (motor) transmission of directive signals from CNS to effectors in body tissues.

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3
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) includes ____________ and ____________.

A

includes brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes ________________.

A

Includes everything else within nervous system. Split
into sensory and motor division.

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5
Q

_____________________ carries afferent signals from sensory neurons to the CNS.

A

Sensory division

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6
Q

______________________ carries efferent signals from the CNS to effectors

A

Motor division

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7
Q

Motor division can be further split into two more divisions which are?

A

• Somatic nervous system
• Autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

What is somatic nervous system?

A

Also known as voluntary nervous system because it controls voluntary movement.

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9
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Monitors and controls body activities such as cardiac, smooth muscle, glands etc) automatically.

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10
Q

Autonomic nervous system can be split to two more
subdivisions which are?

A

• Sympathetic nervous system
• Parasympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Also known as the fight or flight system, activity can come from being excited, scared, or threatened

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12
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Also known as the rest and digest system. Used to conserve and restore energy systems, and increased digestive and urinary functions.

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13
Q

What is bile?

A

A thick fluid secreted by liver and stored in gallbladder. Helps digestion by breaking down fats into absorbable fatty acids.

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14
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Enteric system is largest and most complex unit of peripheral nervous system, with ~600 million neurons releasing a multitude of neurotransmitters to facilitate motor, sensory, absorptive, and secretory functions of gastrointestinal tract.

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15
Q

What is the function of the olfactory cranial nerve?

A

Sensation of smell

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16
Q

What is the function of the optic cranial nerve?

A

Sensation of vision

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17
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor cranial nerve?

A

Movements of eye and eyelid. Parasympathetic control
of pupil size

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18
Q

What is the function of the trochlear cranial nerve?

A

Movements of eye

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19
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal cranial nerve?

A

Sensation of touch to face. Movement of muscles of
mastication (chewing)

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20
Q

What is the function of the abducens cranial nerve?

A

Movement of eye

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21
Q

What is the function of the facial cranial nerve?

A

Movement of muscles of facial expression. Sensation of taste in anterior two thirds of tongue.

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22
Q

What is the function of the auditory-vestibular cranial nerve?

A

Sensation of hearing and balance

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23
Q

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve?

A

Movement of muscles in throat. Parasympathetic
control of salivary glands. Sensation of taste in posterior one-third of tongue. Detection of blood pressure changes in aorta.

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24
Q

What is the function of the vagus cranial nerve?

A

Parasympathetic control of heart, lungs, and abdominal organs. Sensation of pain associated with viscera. Movement of muscles in throat.

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25
Q

What is the function of the spinal accessory cranial nerve?

A

Movement of muscles in throat and neck

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26
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal cranial nerve?

A

Movement of tongue

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27
Q

What is Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal?

A

Trigeminal nerve supplies sensations to face and other structures of head.

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28
Q

What are the three divisions of the Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal?

A

• Ophthalmic
• Maxillary
• Mandibular *This division is motor for muscles of mastication which includes masseter and temporals.

29
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia?

A

• One of most painful afflictions known. The typical form causes extreme, sporadic, sudden shock-like (paroxysmal) facial pain in areas of face where branches of nerve are distributed.
• Pain episodes last from a few seconds to as long as two minutes. Attacks can occur in quick succession lasting as long as two hours.
• Often called “tic douloureux” because of muscle tics that accompany pain. Usually precipitating cause is idiopathic (unknown).

30
Q

What is the Cranial Nerve VII: Facial?

A

Facial Nerve is efferent to muscles of facial expression, lacrimal (tear) glands and two salivary glands

31
Q

What is Paralysis (palsy)?

A

Paralysis (palsy) is complete or partial loss of function especially when involving motion, often accompanied by weakness and loss of sensation.

32
Q

What is flaccid paralysis?

A

Paralysis in which muscle tone is lacking in affected muscle.

33
Q

What is spastic paralysis?

A

Paralysis with sustained tone (spasm) in the affected muscles.

34
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

Form of flaccid paralysis of CN VII. Develops suddenly and usually unilateral. May be due to edema, viral infections, trauma, or pressure from tumor. Many people start recovering in about 3 weeks, even without treatment.

35
Q

What is facial synkinesis?

A

•Voluntary muscle movement causing simultaneous involuntary contraction of other facial muscles or glands. Is caused by faulty CN VII regeneration.
•Examples include eye closure with contraction of mouth muscles, midfacial movements with eye closure and crocodile tears - excessive lacrimation provoked by eating.

36
Q

What is the treatment for facial synkinesis?

A

•Treatment: facial retraining aka Mime Therapy - includes massage, stretching and coordination exercises which aim to develop conscious connection between use of facial muscles and emotional expression. Therapists teach patients to limit unwanted synkinetic movements.
•If needed, Botox can be employed as well

37
Q

What is the Cranial Nerve VIII: The Vestibulocochlear Nerve?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve consists of 2 separate nerves the vestibular and cochlear nerves.

38
Q

What is the vestibular nerve?

A

Responsible for maintaining balance.

39
Q

What is the cochlear nerve?

A

Cochlear nerve is responsible for hearing.

40
Q

What does the vestibular systems inner ear balance mechanism do?

A

The vestibular system’s inner ear balance mechanism works with visual system to stop objects blurring when head moves. Also help maintain awareness of our position when lying down, walking, running or riding in vehicle.

41
Q

What are inner ear semicircular canals?

A

•Filled with fluid. Inner ear also contains calcium carbonate crystals (aka ear crystals, otoliths) embedded in membrane outside semicircular canals.
•Both are involved in detection of various motions of head and body. If otoliths manage to end up in semicircular canals, result can be misperception that environment is
spinning (vertigo).

42
Q

What is dizziness?

A

Imprecise term that can refer to a sense of disorientation in space, vertigo, or lightheadedness.

43
Q

What is vertigo?

A

Most common type of dizziness. May be associated with nausea, vomiting, sweating, or difficulty walking. Is typically worse when head is moved.

44
Q

What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?

A

Common problem. Usually triggered by quick changes in head position often when turning over or sitting up quickly in bed (or on a massage table). Increases chance of falls. Can be extremely disconcerting and sometimes debilitating

45
Q

What are epley maneuvers?

A

Series of movements that attempt to remove ear crystals out of semicircular canals.

46
Q

What is cervicogenic dizziness?

A

•Dizziness specifically related to neck issues including muscle tension. Usually does not involve vertigo. Controversial term; diagnosis should be made after many other possible causes of dizziness are ruled out.

•Differential diagnosis includes BPPV, ear infections and rotational vertebral artery occlusion. Occlusion can be caused by osteophytes on neck vertebrae that may pinch artery during certain neck movements; treatment includes massage, physiotherapy, medications and surgery

47
Q

What is Cranial Nerve X: Vagus?

A

• Supplies motor parasympathetic fibers to all organs (except the adrenal glands), from neck down to second segment of transverse colon.
• Also controls a few skeletal muscles, including mm. of larynx.
•Responsible for heart rate, gastrointestinal peristalsis, sweating, quite a few muscle movements in mouth, including speech.

48
Q

What is the Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory?

A

• Nerve is motor to sternocleidomastoid (SCM) & trapezius. Patients with acquired torticollis (wry neck) present with head twisted to affected side and chin pointed toward opposite shoulder.
• Patients complain of pain, neck stiffness, and decreased
range of motion. Onset is generally acute.
• Treatment of torticollis includes analgesics, heat, massage, and stretching exercises.

49
Q

What are meninges?

A

• Protects CNS from overlying bone (encases the CNS).

They are as follows:
- Epidural Space
- Dura Mater (outermost layer)
- Subdural Space
- The Arachnoid Membrane (middle layer)
- Subarachnoid Space
- Pia Mater (innermost layer)

50
Q

What is the epidural space?

A

Adipose and connective tissue filled space between wall of the vertebral canal and dura mater (no epidural space in the brain).

51
Q

What is the dura matter?

A

Outermost layer, tough inelastic surrounding.

52
Q

What is subdural space?

A

Interstitial fluid-filled space between dura mater and arachnoid membrane

53
Q

What is the arachnoid membrane?

A

Middle layer. spiderweb consistency

54
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

CSF filled space between arachnid membrane and pia mater

55
Q

What is the pia matter?

A

Innermost layer. Thin membrane adheres closely to surface of brain. May be blood vessels that ultimately run into brain

56
Q

What is meningitis?

A

Inflammation of meninges

57
Q

Causes of meningitis include?

A

• Most common: Viral and bacterial infections.

• Other causes of meningitis are CSF leaks, can cause
fluid to leak into ears, nose, and spinal canal.
• CSF leakage should be diagnosed and treated quickly and effectively to prevent meningitis.

58
Q

Symptoms of meningitis include?

A

Neck stiffness, vomiting, fatigue, and confusion.

59
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

fluid-filled caverns and canals inside brain. Fluid that runs in system is cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). CSF is produced by special tissue called choroid plexus, in ventricles of cerebral hemispheres

60
Q

Collections of neurons include what?

A

• Gray matter
• Cortex
• Nucleus
• Ganglion

61
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Generic term for collection of neuronal cell bodies in CNS.

62
Q

What is a cortex?

A

Any collection of neurons that form a thin sheet, usually at brains surface (Eg. cerebral cortex).

63
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Mass of neurons in CNS

64
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Collection of neurons in PNS

65
Q

Collections of axons include what?

A

• Nerve
• White Matter
• Tract

66
Q

What is a nerve?

A

Bundle of axons in PNS.

67
Q

What is white matter?

A

Generic term for collection of CNS axons.

68
Q

What is a tract?

A

Collection of axons having common site of origin and common destination in CNS.

Neurology (12 decks)

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