Class 3 Change Management

Question 1

Transition process from an old state to a new state (Hoffart, 2013) or to give a different position, course or direction

• A natural social process. • Involves individuals, groups, organizations, and
society. • Constant and accelerates at various rates. • Inevitable and unpredictable. • Complexity varies from high to low.

Answer 1

Change

Question 2

What are two types of change theories

Answer 2

1. Linear (planned) change
2. Nonlinear (complex) change

Question 3

What are linear change models (planned)

Answer 3

• Lewin (1951)
• Lippitt et al. (1958)
• Havelock (1973)
• Kotter (1995)

Question 4

What is Lewin’s 3 step change process

Answer 4

1. Unfreeze — aware of need for change, increase facilitators & decrease barriers
2. Change — implement new way, period of uncertainty
3. Refreeze — new way is adopted

Question 5

A model of change where… Behaviour in an organization is a balance between two forces

• Driving forces facilitate change
• Restraining forces impede change

Answer 5

Lewin Force Field Model of Change
(1951)

Question 6

Explain Lewin’s “Force Field Analysis”

Answer 6

Identify barriers & facilitators to change

Facilitators ▫ Opinion leaders endorse the change ▫ Change improves work life

Barriers ▫ Lack of resources ▫ Change makes work more difficult

Question 7

Force Field Analysis Discussion

Answer 7

What are the barriers & how will you reduce them?
What are the facilitators & how will you increase them?

Question 8

A change model where

• Seven steps • Emphasized communication & problem solving

Answer 8

Lippitt, Watson, and Westley’s (1958) model

Question 9

A change model where

• Built on Lewin, created 6 steps
• Emphasized relationship building

Answer 9

Havelock’s (1973) model

Question 10

• Create a sense of urgency
• Form a coalition of informal leaders
• Communicate the vision
• Empower others to act on the vision
• Celebrate accomplishments
• Incorporate the change into the culture

Answer 10

Kotter (1995)

Question 11

• A small change in one area can cause a large, unexpected change elsewhere

Answer 11

Chaos Theory

Question 12

• Large organizations are never stable

Organizations need:
• Effective leadership
• A guiding vision
• Strong organizational beliefs
• Open communication.

Answer 12

Chaos Theory

Question 13

Organizations & their employees that constantly learn from everything they do.

Five components that support innovation:
▫ Systems thinking
▫ Personal mastery
▫ Mental models
▫ Shared vision
▫ Team learning

Answer 13

Learning Organization Theory (Senge, 1990)

Question 14

What are Five components that support innovation:

Answer 14

▫ Systems thinking
▫ Personal mastery
▫ Mental models
▫ Shared vision
▫ Team learning

Question 15

assumes resistance is due to
lack of knowledge.

Use data, statistics and research to encourage change

Answer 15

Rational-empirical strategy

Question 16

A strategy that used peer pressure and group norms to influence change

Answer 16

Normative-re-educative

Question 17

A strategy that uses legitimate authority, economic sanctions, political clout, like it or leave

Answer 17

Power-coercive

Question 18

• Seven steps • Emphasized communication & problem solving

Answer 18

Lippitt, Watson, and Westley’s (1958) Model

Question 19

Individual’s resistance typically depends on: ??

Answer 19

• Flexibility to change • Evaluation of immediate situation • Anticipated consequences of the change • What they have to lose/gain

Question 20

love change and thrive on it

Answer 20

Innovators

Question 21

Receptive to chang

Answer 21

Less radical, early adopter

Question 22

refer the status quo, but eventually
accepts the change

Answer 22

Early majority

Question 23

is resistive, accepting change after
most others have

Answer 23

Late manority

Question 24

Dislike change

Answer 24

Laggards

Question 25

Rejects change

Answer 25

Rejector

Question 26

The process, tools and techniques to manage the people side of change to achieve a required outcome

Answer 26

Change Management

Question 27

Someone who promotes and enables change to happen within any group or organization

Answer 27

Change Agent

Question 28

Characteristics of Effective Change Agents

Answer 28

• Leadership & communication skills
• Observation skills
• Know how groups work
• Understand political issues
• Trustworthy
• Establish positive relationships
• Understand the change process
• Appropriate timing and flexibility
• Regular updates: repeat key words, meetings and
timelines

Question 29

Followers: How to Be an Effective Participant in Change (Ellis & Hartley, 2005)

Answer 29

• Actively participate and offer suggestions
• Express concerns
• Be patient with setbacks and seek support
• Establish positive relationships

Question 30

The process, tools and techniques to manage the people side
of change to achieve a required outcome

Answer 30

Change management

Question 31

Someone who promotes and enables change to happen within any group or organization

Answer 31

Change agent

Question 32

What makes up Lewin’s change model?

Answer 32

Unfreeze
Change
Refreeze

Question 33

assumes resistance is due to lack of knowledge. Use data, statistics and research to encourage change

Answer 33

Rational-empirical

Question 34

A change strategy that uses legitimate authority, economic sanctions, political clout, like it or leave

Answer 34

POWER-COERCIVE

Question 35

process of finding a method to assist individuals in letting go of an old
pattern of behaviour and facilitating individu- als in overcoming resistance and group conformity. Disequilibrium occurs to disrupt the system, making it possible to identify the driving forces for the change and the likely restraining forces against it

Answer 35

Unfreeze

Question 36

process of a change in thoughts, feelings, and/ or behaviours

ultimately involves strengthening the driving forces and weakening the restraining forces

It is the most difficult stage.

Important to have a supportive team and clear communication.

Answer 36

CHANGE Stage (lewin’s change model)

Question 37

Part where establishing the change as a new habit. Ensure change “sticks” overtime.

Answer 37

Refreeze

Question 38

What are the six phases of PLANNED CHANGE according to HAVELOCK?

Answer 38

1. Building a relationship
2. Diagnosing the problem
3. Acquiring relevant resources
4. Choosing the solution
5. Gaining acceptace
6. Stabilizing the innovation and generating self-renewal

Question 39

The idea is that change can be planned, implemented, and evaluated
It is essential to have an ongoing sensitivity to forces in the change process

> the client system becomes aware of the neede change
the relationship is developed between the client system and change agent
change problem is defined
the change goals are set and options for ahoevement are explored
the plan for change is implemented
the change is accepted and stabilized
the change entities redefine their relationships

Answer 39

Lippit’s seven phases of change model

Question 40

Implies that

• A small change in one area can cause a large, unexpected change elsewhere
• Large organizations are never stable

Answer 40

Chaos Theory

Question 41

What are the five components that support innovation?

Answer 41

▫ Systems thinking
▫ Personal mastery
▫ Mental models
▫ Shared vision
▫ Team learning