Class 3 Change Management Flashcards
Transition process from an old state to a new state (Hoffart, 2013) or to give a different position, course or direction
• A natural social process. • Involves individuals, groups, organizations, and
society. • Constant and accelerates at various rates. • Inevitable and unpredictable. • Complexity varies from high to low.
Change
What are two types of change theories
- Linear (planned) change
- Nonlinear (complex) change
What are linear change models (planned)
• Lewin (1951)
• Lippitt et al. (1958)
• Havelock (1973)
• Kotter (1995)
What is Lewin’s 3 step change process
- Unfreeze — aware of need for change, increase facilitators & decrease barriers
- Change — implement new way, period of uncertainty
- Refreeze — new way is adopted
A model of change where… Behaviour in an organization is a balance between two forces
• Driving forces facilitate change
• Restraining forces impede change
Lewin Force Field Model of Change
(1951)
Explain Lewin’s “Force Field Analysis”
Identify barriers & facilitators to change
Facilitators ▫ Opinion leaders endorse the change ▫ Change improves work life
Barriers ▫ Lack of resources ▫ Change makes work more difficult
Force Field Analysis Discussion
What are the barriers & how will you reduce them?
What are the facilitators & how will you increase them?
A change model where
• Seven steps • Emphasized communication & problem solving
Lippitt, Watson, and Westley’s (1958) model
A change model where
• Built on Lewin, created 6 steps
• Emphasized relationship building
Havelock’s (1973) model
• Create a sense of urgency
• Form a coalition of informal leaders
• Communicate the vision
• Empower others to act on the vision
• Celebrate accomplishments
• Incorporate the change into the culture
Kotter (1995)
• A small change in one area can cause a large, unexpected change elsewhere
Chaos Theory
• Large organizations are never stable
Organizations need:
• Effective leadership
• A guiding vision
• Strong organizational beliefs
• Open communication.
Chaos Theory
Organizations & their employees that constantly learn from everything they do.
Five components that support innovation:
▫ Systems thinking
▫ Personal mastery
▫ Mental models
▫ Shared vision
▫ Team learning
Learning Organization Theory (Senge, 1990)
What are Five components that support innovation:
▫ Systems thinking
▫ Personal mastery
▫ Mental models
▫ Shared vision
▫ Team learning
assumes resistance is due to
lack of knowledge.
Use data, statistics and research to encourage change
Rational-empirical strategy
A strategy that used peer pressure and group norms to influence change
Normative-re-educative
A strategy that uses legitimate authority, economic sanctions, political clout, like it or leave
Power-coercive
• Seven steps • Emphasized communication & problem solving
Lippitt, Watson, and Westley’s (1958) Model
Individual’s resistance typically depends on: ??
• Flexibility to change • Evaluation of immediate situation • Anticipated consequences of the change • What they have to lose/gain
love change and thrive on it
Innovators
Receptive to chang
Less radical, early adopter
refer the status quo, but eventually
accepts the change
Early majority
is resistive, accepting change after
most others have
Late manority
Dislike change
Laggards
Rejects change
Rejector
The process, tools and techniques to manage the people side of change to achieve a required outcome
Change Management
Someone who promotes and enables change to happen within any group or organization
Change Agent
Characteristics of Effective Change Agents
• Leadership & communication skills
• Observation skills
• Know how groups work
• Understand political issues
• Trustworthy
• Establish positive relationships
• Understand the change process
• Appropriate timing and flexibility
• Regular updates: repeat key words, meetings and
timelines
Followers: How to Be an Effective Participant in Change (Ellis & Hartley, 2005)
• Actively participate and offer suggestions
• Express concerns
• Be patient with setbacks and seek support
• Establish positive relationships
The process, tools and techniques to manage the people side
of change to achieve a required outcome
Change management
Someone who promotes and enables change to happen within any group or organization
Change agent
What makes up Lewin’s change model?
Unfreeze
Change
Refreeze
assumes resistance is due to lack of knowledge. Use data, statistics and research to encourage change
Rational-empirical
A change strategy that uses legitimate authority, economic sanctions, political clout, like it or leave
POWER-COERCIVE
process of finding a method to assist individuals in letting go of an old
pattern of behaviour and facilitating individu- als in overcoming resistance and group conformity. Disequilibrium occurs to disrupt the system, making it possible to identify the driving forces for the change and the likely restraining forces against it
Unfreeze
process of a change in thoughts, feelings, and/ or behaviours
ultimately involves strengthening the driving forces and weakening the restraining forces
It is the most difficult stage.
Important to have a supportive team and clear communication.
CHANGE Stage (lewin’s change model)
Part where establishing the change as a new habit. Ensure change “sticks” overtime.
Refreeze
What are the six phases of PLANNED CHANGE according to HAVELOCK?
- Building a relationship
- Diagnosing the problem
- Acquiring relevant resources
- Choosing the solution
- Gaining acceptace
- Stabilizing the innovation and generating self-renewal
The idea is that change can be planned, implemented, and evaluated
It is essential to have an ongoing sensitivity to forces in the change process
> the client system becomes aware of the neede change
the relationship is developed between the client system and change agent
change problem is defined
the change goals are set and options for ahoevement are explored
the plan for change is implemented
the change is accepted and stabilized
the change entities redefine their relationships
Lippit’s seven phases of change model
Implies that
• A small change in one area can cause a large, unexpected change elsewhere
• Large organizations are never stable
Chaos Theory
What are the five components that support innovation?
▫ Systems thinking
▫ Personal mastery
▫ Mental models
▫ Shared vision
▫ Team learning
