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Epidemiology > Class 3-7: Descriptive Epi. > Flashcards

Class 3-7: Descriptive Epi. Flashcards

1
Q

This can be used to know if a location is experiencing disease occurrence more frequently than usual or more than other locations

A

Descriptive epidemiology

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2
Q

Frequencies

A

Counts in relation to size of population

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3
Q

Patterns of disease

A

Encompass 3 aspects: person, place, and time

[who,where,when]-descriptive epidemiology

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4
Q

Passive surveillance system

A

Relies on healthcare system to follow regulations on required reportable diseases-healthcare officials wait for reports to come in

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5
Q

Active surveillance system

A

Public health officials go into communities to search for new diseases/conditions

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6
Q

Syndromic surveillance system

A

A system that looks for pre-defined signs/symptoms of patients r/t trackable-but-rare diseases

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7
Q

Biosurveillance

A

Taking samples of human, plant, animal, environment )

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8
Q

Induction period

A

Time between exposure and onset of disease

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9
Q

Latency Period

A

Time between onset of disease and disease detection

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10
Q

The most CRITICAL element that must be defined/determined before any of the WHO-descriptive epidemiology can be accomplished?

A

The “case”-constant definition of disease that can be studied

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11
Q

“Case”

A

A set of uniform criteria I used to define a disease for public health surveillance

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12
Q

What is the list of reportable diseases called?

A

National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS)

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13
Q

Who writes the list of reportable disease?

A

Council of state and territorial epidemiologists (CSTE)

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14
Q

How often are reportable lists updated

A

Annually

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15
Q

Two types of Case definitions

A

Confirmed and probable (lethal-need to notice fast)

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16
Q

3 elements of descriptive epidemiology

A
  1. Who
  2. When
  3. where
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17
Q

Epidemic

A

Occurrence of disease clearly in excess of normal in a community/period clearly defined

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18
Q

Outbreak

A

Also called “cluster” An epidemic limited to a localized increase in the occurrence of disease

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19
Q

Distinction between outbreak and epidemic

A

Outbreaks[clusters] would become epidemics if they continue to rise above an average (usually an annual average)

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20
Q

Endemic

A

The CONSTANT presence of a disease w/in a given area or population in excess of normal levels in other areas

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21
Q

Emergency of International concern

A

An epidemic that alerts the world to the need for high vigilance (pre-pandemic labeling)

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22
Q

Pandemic

A

An epidemic spread world-wide (global health)

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23
Q

What is the epidemic curve?

A

A visual time-based depiction created during an outbreak/epidemic of the # of cases by date reporting

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24
Q

Common source or point source

A

Continuous OR intermittent;

Not person-to-person spread, derived from a common, single point source for the outbreak

25
Q

Propagated Source

A

Person to person spread; appear as sawtooth curve

26
Q

Sentinel case

A

Starting case

27
Q

How do epidemic curves help?

A

Help to form hypothesis; routes transmission,exposure period, incubation period

28
Q

How to measure disease frequency?

A

Ratios, proportions, rates

29
Q

Ratios

A

Division of 2 unrelated number

30
Q

Proportions

A

Simple %; part / whole,

Division of 2 RELATED numbers

31
Q

Rates

A

A proportion(%) w/ time incorporated into the denominator

32
Q

3 factors comparing measures of disease frequency between groups:

A

1 frequency of affected- #of ppl
2 Size of population
3 Length of time reported
[FST]

33
Q

Comparing frequencies requires 3 things:

A

The frequency, population size, and time period

[FST]

34
Q

Incidence

A

New cases of disease

35
Q

Prevalence

A

Existing cases of disease + new cases of disease

36
Q

Dynamic populations

A

Fluctuating population

37
Q

How to calculate repeat cases of disease?

A

Only count first occurrence b/c it gets too complicated and can make a different rate w/ repeat cases

38
Q

How to calculate incidence rate for dynamic populations?

A

Incidence density

39
Q

Point prevalence

A

Prevalence at a given point in time

40
Q

Period prevalence

A

Prevalence over a given period of time

41
Q

Crude morbidity rate

A

ppl w/ disease / # ppl in population

42
Q

Crude mortality rate

A

ppl died / # ppl in population

43
Q

Cause-specific morbidity rate

A

ppl w/ cause-specific disease / # ppl in population

44
Q

Cause-specific mortality rate

A

ppl w/ cause-specific death / # ppl in population

45
Q

Case-fatality rate

A

cause-specific deaths / # of cases of disease

46
Q

Cause-specific survival rate

A

cause-specific cases alive / # of cases of disease

47
Q

Proportional mortality Rate (PMR)

A

cause-specific deaths / total # deaths in population

48
Q

What is the same for case-fatality rate, cause-specific mortality rate, and proportional mortality rate?

A

The nunmerator: # cause-specific deaths

49
Q

Difference in case-fatality rate, cause-specific mortality rate, and proportional mortality rate?

A

Denominator
Case-fatality rate: everyone w/ disease
Cause-specific mortality rate: everyone in population
Proportional Mortality rate: ALL deaths

50
Q

Live birth rate

A

births/ 1,000 population

51
Q

Fertility rate

A

births/ 1,000 women of childbearing age

52
Q

Neonatal mortality rate

A

deaths

53
Q

Postnatal mortality rate

A

deaths in greater than or equal to 28 days but

54
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

deaths

55
Q

Maternal mortality ratio

A

female deaths r/t preg / 100,000 births

56
Q

Infectivity

A

Ability to invade a patient [host]

57
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability to cause clinical disease

58
Q

Virulence

A

The ability to cause death (synonymous w/ case-fatality rate)

Epidemiology (12 decks)

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