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Epidemiology > [2] Class 24-25 Cross-section > Flashcards

[2] Class 24-25 Cross-section Flashcards

1
Q

Study frame

A

The focus of the study

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2
Q

Obs studies that examine relationships of health/Dz to other variables of interest at the SAME TIME

2 names:

A

Cross-sectional studies

Or Prevalnce study

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3
Q

Entire population or a subset is selected for study

“Snap-shot” in time

Information gathered represents what is occurring at a point in time or timeframe a-cross a large population

Mostly conducted over one year period

A

Cross-sectional study

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4
Q

Study based on Dz status

A

Case-control study

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5
Q

Brought ppl into study based on exposure or not exposed or b/c they have something in common

A

Cohort study

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6
Q

Focuses simultaneously on Dz and population characteristics, including exposures, health status, health-care utilization, etc.

Seeks asso. NOT CAUSATION
Generates and test hypotheses

By reptition in different time periods, can be used to measure change/trends (not in same pt,’s

A

Cross-sectional studies

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7
Q

Wonderful at generating future research hypotheisis:

Generate ideas based on what is seen in large population

A

Cross-sectional study

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8
Q

What form are cross-sectional studies usually conducted in different aspects of US pop.

2 forms:

A

Surveys

Databases

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9
Q

2 cross-sectional approaches:

A
  1. Collect data on each member of the population

2. take a sample of the population and draw inferences to remainder [generalizable]

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10
Q

City/state uses this type of cross-sectional approach most commonly:

A

Collect data on EACH member of the population- in MO, in KC, etc.

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11
Q

Most frequent approach in Cross-sectional approaches in huge populations, like the entire nation, would be:

A

Taking a sample of the population and draw inferences

It would be impossible to collect data on each and everyone in the US for study

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12
Q

Types of sampling schemes:

A

Probability samples

And

Non-probability

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13
Q

Type of sampling:
Every element in the population has a known (non-zero) probability of being included in sample

Most common form of sampling

A

Probability samples

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14
Q

Ex of probability sampling

A 
Simple
Systematic 
Stratified simple 
Stratified disproportionate 
Multi-stage
Cluster multi stage
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15
Q

Assign random numbers then take randomly selected #s to get desired sample size
OR
Assign random number then sequentially-list numbers and take desired sample size from top of listed numbers

A

Simple random sampling

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16
Q

Assign random numbers then randomly sort these numbers , the select highest (or lowest) number, then systematically, then by a predetermined sampling INTERVAL

Take every Nth # to get desired sample size

A

Systematic RANDOM sampling

17
Q

Stratify sampling frame by desired characteristic [ex;gender] then use SIMPLE RANDOM sampling to select desired sample size

A

Stratified simple random sampling

18
Q

Disproportionately utilizes stratified simple random sampling when baseline population is not at the desired proportional percentages to referent population

Stratified sample “weighted” to return sample pop. Back to baseline pop.

Useful for over-sampling

A

Stratified disproportionate random sampling

19
Q

Which sampling style is used for minority individuals in studies?

A

Stratified Disproportionate random sampling

20
Q

Uses simple random sampling at MULTIPLE stages towards pt. Selection

Used in counties, city blocks, zip codes, clinics, hospitals, individual, individual chart

A

Multi-stage random sampling

21
Q

Same as multi-stage random sampling but all elements clustered together [at any stage] or selected for inclusion

Ex:
All clinics in a zip code
ALL households in a community

A

Cluster multi-stage random sampling

22
Q

“Quasi-systematic’ or ‘convenience’ samples [not really, completely random or fully probabilistic]

Decide on what fraction of pop. Is to be sampled and how they will be sampled

Ex: all ppl w/ last name M-Z, ppl in business asso. , all ppl attending clinic every M/W/F

A

Non-probability sampling schemes

23
Q

What is the concern w/ non-probability sampling schemes?

A

There is some known or unknown order to the sample generated by selected scheme which may introduce bias [selection bias]

24
Q

What bias is of concern for non-probability sampling schemes?

A

Selection bias

25
Q

Sampling scheme that is quasi-systematic or convenience

In which the researcher chooses the way that ppl are sampled

Ex: all ppl last names end M-Z

A

Quasi-systematic sampling schemes

26
Q

What is the concern w/ quasi-systematic sampling scheme?

A

There is some known or unknown order to the sample generated by selected scheme which may introduce bias [selection bias]

27
Q

What’re the 2 common approaches to collection of study data/info.

A

Questionnaires

Physical assessments

28
Q

Questionnaires and physical assessments are great for:

A

Assessing health/Dz in similar population as time changes

29
Q

Quicker and easier for researcher
Less expensive for researcher.
Can be analyzed like case-control or cohort.
Useful for estimating prevalence rates.
Useful for answering research questions about myriad of elements.

A

Advantages of picking a cross-sectional studies.

30
Q

Prevalent cases may represent survivors.
Difficult to study Dz of low frequency.
Unable to generate incidence rate.
Problems in determining temporal relationship of presumed cause and effect.

A

Disadvantages to picking a cross-sectional study.

31
Q

You can calculate this rate but not that rate w/ cross-control studies:

A

You can calc. Prevalence rate but not incidence rate w/ cross-control studies

32
Q

If “national” is in the name, it is most likely a :

Or if a trailer came out and assessed

A

Cross-sectional study

33
Q

Examples of cross-sectional surveys (5)

A

NAitonal health /nutrition examination survey [NHANES]
National health interview survey [NHIS]
National ambulatory medical care survey [NAMCS]
National hospital care survey [NHCS]
Behavioral risk factor surveillance system [BRFSS]

34
Q

Assesses the health and nutritional status of adults and children –interviews and physical exams

A

NHANES

National health and nutrition examination survey

35
Q

Principal source of info. On health of the civilian, non-institutionalized population

Survey through in house interview. Asked questions about health data.

A

NHIS

National health interview survey

36
Q

A national survey designed to meet the need for objective reliable info about the provision and use of ambulatory medical care services in US

Based on sample of visits to non-federal, office-based physicians primarily engaged in direct patient care.

A

NAMCS

National ambulatory medical care survey

37
Q

A combined national survey designed to describe national partners of healthcare delivery in non-federal hospital based settings

Ex: DC from inpt. Departments

Integrates 3 previous cross-sectional studies: NHDS, NHAMCS, DAWN

A

NHCS

National hospital care survey

38
Q

A state-based system of telephone health surveys that collects info. On health risk behaviors, preventative health practices,a nd healthcare access primarily r/t chronic disease/injury.

A

BRFSS

Behavioral risk factor surveillance system

Epidemiology (12 decks)

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