Class 2 Thorax/Lungs/CV/Peripheral Vascular Flashcards
Apnea
absence of spontaneous respiration
Asthma (reactive airway disease)
small airway obstruction due to inflammation and hyperreactive airways.
Atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the lung at birth or collapse of the lung at any age
Bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles cause by repeated pulmonary infections and/or bronchial obstructions; sinusitis may coexist
chronic cough; sputum purulent, often copious and foul-smelling; may be blood-streaked or bloody
Bronchitis
inflammation of the large airways
Bronchophony
greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken words
pt say “ninety-nine” during auscultation is clear; normally muffled
Bronchovesicular breath sounds
typically moderate in intensity; heard over major bronchi
Bronchiolitis
inflammation leading to hyperinflation of the lungs; occurs most often in infants younger than 6 months old.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
intervals of apnea followed by crescendo/decrescendo sequence of breathing; often associated with dying
Chronic bronchitis
large airway inflammation that is usually a result of chronic irritation exposure; more commonly a problem for patients older than 40 years
Chronic cough; sputum mucoid to purulent, may be blood-streaked or even bloody
Often with recurrent wheezing and dyspnea, and prolonged history of tobacco abuse
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
nonspecific diagnosis that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Cor pulmonale
an acute or chronic condition involving right-sided heart failure
Cough
sudden spasmodic expiration forcing a sudden opening of the glottis
Crackles
abnormal lung sounds, more often heard on inspiration; characterized by discrete discontinuous sounds; also called rales
Croup
syndrome that generally results from infection with a variety of viral agents, particularly the parainfluenza viruses; occurs most often in children between 11⁄2 and 3 years of age
Cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands involving the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands
Diaphragmatic hernia
abnormal opening in the diaphragm
Egophony
increased intensity of spoken sound with accompanying nasal quality; Spoken “ee” heard as “ay” during auscultation
Emphysema
disease in which the lungs lose elasticity and the alveoli enlarge in a way that disrupts function
Empyema
collection of purulent exudative fluid in the pleural space
Epiglottitis
acute life-threatening infection involving the epiglottis and surrounding tissues
Friction rub
dry, crackly, grating, low-pitched sound that occurs outside the respiratory tree
pleural friction rub - abnormal lung sound which is caused by inflammation of the pleural layer of the lungs rubbing together
Hamman sign
mediastinal crunch; consists of a variety of sounds, including loud crackles and clicking or gurgling sounds; synchronous w/ heartbeat not respiration; Often severe central chest pain
associated with mediastinal emphysema
Best heard in L lateral position
Hemothorax
presence of blood in the pleural cavity.
Influenza
viral infection of the lung
Kussmaul breathing
deep/labored compensatory respirations; associated with metabolic acidosis (DKA but also kidney failure). usually rapid; can be fast/normal/slow
Lung abscess
well-defined circumscribed mass defined by inflammation, suppuration, and subsequent central necrosis.
Sputum purulent and foul-smelling; may be bloody
aspiration pneumonia with fever and infection from oral anaerobes and poor dental hygiene; dysphagia
Pectoriloquy
whisper that can be clearly heard through the stethoscope; associated with consolidation of lungs
Whispered pectoriloquy: Louder, clearer whispered “ninety-nine”; normally indistinct
Pleural effusion
presence of excessive nonpurulent fluid in the pleural space
Pleurisy
inflammatory process involving the visceral and parietal pleura, which become edematous and fibrinous
Pneumonia
inflammatory response of the bronchioles and alveoli to an infective agent, which can be bacterial, fungal, or viral.
Pneumothorax
presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity
Pulmonary embolism
occlusion of the pulmonary arteries; relatively common condition that is very difficult to diagnose.
Dry cough, at times with hemoptysis
Tachypnea, chest or pleuritic pain, dyspnea, fever, syncope, anxiety; factors that predispose to deep venous thrombosis.
Respiratory distress syndrome
condition that develops in preterm infants as a result of surfactant deficiency.
Rhonchi
sonorous wheezes.
Stridor
high-pitched piercing sound heard during inspiration
Tracheomalacia
a “floppiness” or lack of rigidity of the trachea or airway
Tuberculosis
chronic infectious disease that most often begins in the lung but may have widespread systemic manifestations.
Vesicular
low-pitched, low-intensity sounds heard over healthy tissue
Vocal resonance
sound of the spoken word as transmitted through the lung fields; usually muffled and indistinct in quality.
Wheeze
continuous, high-pitched musical sound; almost a whistle heard on inspiration and expiration
Thrill
disruption of blood flow related to defect of closure in the valves
vibratory sensation felt on the skin overlying an area of turbulence and indicates a loud heart murmur
Pulsus alternans
alternating amplitude from beat to beat even though rhythm is regular.
indicates left ventricular failure
Paradoxical pulse
Decrease in amplitude (weakness) with inspiration But (increase in amplitude) stronger with expiration
Found in pericardial tamponade (fluid in pericardium), constrictive pericarditis and obstructive lung disease
