Class 2 Thorax/Lungs/CV/Peripheral Vascular

Question 1

Apnea

Answer 1

absence of spontaneous respiration

Question 2

Asthma (reactive airway disease)

Answer 2

small airway obstruction due to inflammation and hyperreactive airways.

Question 3

Atelectasis

Answer 3

incomplete expansion of the lung at birth or collapse of the lung at any age

Question 4

Bronchiectasis

Answer 4

chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles cause by repeated pulmonary infections and/or bronchial obstructions; sinusitis may coexist

chronic cough; sputum purulent, often copious and foul-smelling; may be blood-streaked or bloody

Question 5

Bronchitis

Answer 5

inflammation of the large airways

Question 6

Bronchophony

Answer 6

greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken words

pt say “ninety-nine” during auscultation is clear; normally muffled

Question 7

Bronchovesicular breath sounds

Answer 7

typically moderate in intensity; heard over major bronchi

Question 8

Bronchiolitis

Answer 8

inflammation leading to hyperinflation of the lungs; occurs most often in infants younger than 6 months old.

Question 9

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Answer 9

intervals of apnea followed by crescendo/decrescendo sequence of breathing; often associated with dying

Question 10

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 10

large airway inflammation that is usually a result of chronic irritation exposure; more commonly a problem for patients older than 40 years

Chronic cough; sputum mucoid to purulent, may be blood-streaked or even bloody

Often with recurrent wheezing and dyspnea, and prolonged history of tobacco abuse

Question 11

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 11

nonspecific diagnosis that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Question 12

Cor pulmonale

Answer 12

an acute or chronic condition involving right-sided heart failure

Question 13

Cough

Answer 13

sudden spasmodic expiration forcing a sudden opening of the glottis

Question 14

Crackles

Answer 14

abnormal lung sounds, more often heard on inspiration; characterized by discrete discontinuous sounds; also called rales

Question 15

Croup

Answer 15

syndrome that generally results from infection with a variety of viral agents, particularly the parainfluenza viruses; occurs most often in children between 11⁄2 and 3 years of age

Question 16

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 16

autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands involving the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands

Question 17

Diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 17

abnormal opening in the diaphragm

Question 18

Egophony

Answer 18

increased intensity of spoken sound with accompanying nasal quality; Spoken “ee” heard as “ay” during auscultation

Question 19

Emphysema

Answer 19

disease in which the lungs lose elasticity and the alveoli enlarge in a way that disrupts function

Question 20

Empyema

Answer 20

collection of purulent exudative fluid in the pleural space

Question 21

Epiglottitis

Answer 21

acute life-threatening infection involving the epiglottis and surrounding tissues

Question 22

Friction rub

Answer 22

dry, crackly, grating, low-pitched sound that occurs outside the respiratory tree

pleural friction rub - abnormal lung sound which is caused by inflammation of the pleural layer of the lungs rubbing together

Question 23

Hamman sign

Answer 23

mediastinal crunch; consists of a variety of sounds, including loud crackles and clicking or gurgling sounds; synchronous w/ heartbeat not respiration; Often severe central chest pain

associated with mediastinal emphysema

Best heard in L lateral position

Question 24

Hemothorax

Answer 24

presence of blood in the pleural cavity.

Question 25

Influenza

Answer 25

viral infection of the lung

Question 26

Kussmaul breathing

Answer 26

deep/labored compensatory respirations; associated with metabolic acidosis (DKA but also kidney failure). usually rapid; can be fast/normal/slow

Question 27

Lung abscess

Answer 27

well-defined circumscribed mass defined by inflammation, suppuration, and subsequent central necrosis.

Sputum purulent and foul-smelling; may be bloody

aspiration pneumonia with fever and infection from oral anaerobes and poor dental hygiene; dysphagia

Question 28

Pectoriloquy

Answer 28

whisper that can be clearly heard through the stethoscope; associated with consolidation of lungs

Whispered pectoriloquy: Louder, clearer whispered “ninety-nine”; normally indistinct

Question 29

Pleural effusion

Answer 29

presence of excessive nonpurulent fluid in the pleural space

Question 30

Pleurisy

Answer 30

inflammatory process involving the visceral and parietal pleura, which become edematous and fibrinous

Question 31

Pneumonia

Answer 31

inflammatory response of the bronchioles and alveoli to an infective agent, which can be bacterial, fungal, or viral.

Question 32

Pneumothorax

Answer 32

presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity

Question 33

Pulmonary embolism

Answer 33

occlusion of the pulmonary arteries; relatively common condition that is very difficult to diagnose.

Dry cough, at times with hemoptysis

Tachypnea, chest or pleuritic pain, dyspnea, fever, syncope, anxiety; factors that predispose to deep venous thrombosis.

Question 34

Respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 34

condition that develops in preterm infants as a result of surfactant deficiency.

Question 35

Rhonchi

Answer 35

sonorous wheezes.

Question 36

Stridor

Answer 36

high-pitched piercing sound heard during inspiration

Question 37

Tracheomalacia

Answer 37

a “floppiness” or lack of rigidity of the trachea or airway

Question 38

Tuberculosis

Answer 38

chronic infectious disease that most often begins in the lung but may have widespread systemic manifestations.

Question 39

Vesicular

Answer 39

low-pitched, low-intensity sounds heard over healthy tissue

Question 40

Vocal resonance

Answer 40

sound of the spoken word as transmitted through the lung fields; usually muffled and indistinct in quality.

Question 41

Wheeze

Answer 41

continuous, high-pitched musical sound; almost a whistle heard on inspiration and expiration

Question 42

Thrill

Answer 42

disruption of blood flow related to defect of closure in the valves

vibratory sensation felt on the skin overlying an area of turbulence and indicates a loud heart murmur

Question 43

Pulsus alternans

Answer 43

alternating amplitude from beat to beat even though rhythm is regular.
indicates left ventricular failure

Question 44

Paradoxical pulse

Answer 44

Decrease in amplitude (weakness) with inspiration But (increase in amplitude) stronger with expiration

Found in pericardial tamponade (fluid in pericardium), constrictive pericarditis and obstructive lung disease