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Advanced Health Assessment > Class 1 HEENT > Flashcards

Class 1 HEENT Flashcards

1
Q

Bulging fontanel

A

a condition of the fontanel that may indicate increased intracranial pressure

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2
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

a condition that results from the premature closing of sutures before brain growth is complete; leads to a misshapen skull (flat spot)

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3
Q

Chloasma

A

facial discoloration common during pregnancy; also called the mask of pregnancy

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4
Q

Encephalocele

A

a neural tube defect characterized by the protrusion of nervous system tissue through a defect in the skull.

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5
Q

Facies

A

general appearance of the face, head, and neck that is characteristic of a specific condition

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6
Q

Graves disease

A

an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overproduction of thyroid- stimulating hormone; characterized by exophthalmia (bulging eyes).

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7
Q

Hashimoto disease

A

an autoimmune condition characterized by the production of anti- bodies against the thyroid gland, usually leading to hypothyroidism

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8
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

overactivity of the thyroid

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9
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

underactivity of the thyroid; more common than hyperthyroidism

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10
Q

Macewen

A

sign associated with increased intracranial pressure after fontanels are closed. Percussion (tapping) on the skull at a particular spot (near the junction of the frontal, temporal and parietal bones) yields an unusually resonant sound in the presence of hydrocephalus or a brain abscess.

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11
Q

Mastoid fontanel

A

a third (abnormal) fontanel; common in Down syndrome

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12
Q

Microcephaly

A

a condition in which the circumference of the head is smaller than normal; associated with mental retardation

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13
Q

Molding

A

an abnormal shaping of the infant’s head caused by the shifting and over- lapping of bones during vaginal deliver

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14
Q

Myxedema

A

skin and tissue disorder usually caused by severe prolonged hypothyroid- ism; characterized by mucinous edema of face.

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15
Q

Ossification

A

bone tissue formation; begins in sutures after brain growth is completed

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16
Q

Salivary gland tumor

A

a growth or mass in any of the salivary glands, but most commonly occurring in the parotid gland.

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17
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

referring to the area extending from upper sternum to the mastoid process

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18
Q

Thyroglossal duct cyst

A

a palpable cystic mass in the neck; a embryologic remnant

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19
Q

Thyroid

A

largest endocrine gland.

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20
Q

Tic

A

a spasmodic contraction of the face, head, or neck.

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21
Q

Torticollis/wry neck

A

a condition in which the neck is twisted; often the result of birth trauma or intrauterine malposition; acquired torticollis may be caused by tumor, trauma, palsy of cranial nerve IV, muscle spasm, infection, or drug ingestion.

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22
Q

Transillumination

A

procedure used to evaluate suspected intracranial lesion or increasing head circumference in infants.

Bright light shined at a specific body part to see the structures beneath the skin.

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23
Q

Webbing

A

excessive posterior cervical skin

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24
Q

Anisocoria

A

unequal pupillary size

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25
Q

Cataracts

A

opacity/clouding of the lens; most commonly resulting from denaturation of the lens protein caused by aging.

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26
Q

Confrontation

A

test for estimating peripheral vision

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27
Q

Chorioretinal inflammation

A

an inflammatory process involving both the choroid and the retina; most commonly caused by laser therapy for diabetic retinopathy.

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28
Q

Cornea

A

part of the eye that is optically clear, has a rich sensory innervation, and is avascular

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29
Q

Corneal ulcer

A

a disruption of the corneal epithelium and stroma; associated with connective tissue disease.

Can occur from direct injury to the eye, or from a bacterial, fungal, or viral infection. inflammation resulting in pain

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30
Q

Diabetic retinopathy (background)

A

a condition characterized by dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates.

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31
Q

Diabetic retinopathy (proliferative)

A

a condition characterized by development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation; vessels grow out of the retina toward the vitreous humor (gelatinous tissue filling the eyeball behind the lens)

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32
Q

ECtropion

A

(lower?) eyelid turned away from the eye, outwards

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33
Q

ENtropion

A

eyelid turned inward, eyelashes rub against your eyeball

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34
Q

Episcleritis

A

inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera anterior to the insertion of the rectus muscles.

inflammation of the episclera, which is the thin vascular outer coating of the eye wall, the sclera.

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35
Q

Exophthalmos

A

an increase in the volume in the orbital content, causing protrusion of the globes forward; most common cause is Graves disease

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36
Q

Glaucoma

A

a disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, producing a characteristic appearance of the optic nerve (increased cupping). interocular pressure buildup damages optic nerve

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37
Q

Hemianopia

A

defective vision in half of the visual field

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38
Q

Hordeolum

A

a stye caused by staphylococcal organisms

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39
Q

Horner syndrome

A

interruption of sympathetic nerve supply to the eye, resulting in the triad of ipsilateral miosis (constricted pupil), mild pitosis (weak, droopy eyelid), and loss of hemifacial sweating; disrupted nerve pathway to 1 side from to face

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40
Q

Hypertelorism

A

eyes widely spaced apart

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41
Q

Lens

A

a biconvex, transparent structure located immediately behind the iris

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42
Q

Macula

A

also known as the fovea; near center of retina, needed to see clearly

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43
Q

Miosis

A

pupillary constriction

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44
Q

Mydriasis

A

pupillary dilation

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45
Q

Nystagmus

A

involuntary dysrhythmic movement of the eyes.

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46
Q

Papilledema

A

loss of definition of the optic disc/blind spot where optic nerve goes

intracranial mass, lesion, hemorrhage, meningitis -> increased pressure in/around brain (ICP) -> optic disc swelling

color pink

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47
Q

Presbyopia

A

loss of accommodation (ability to keep object in focus as its distance changes/abilitiy to focus between objects in different distances)

age-related farsightenedness (hard to focus on nearby objects)

48
Q

Pterygium

A

an abnormal growth of conjunctiva that extends over the cornea from the limbus

49
Q

Ptosis

A

drooping upper eyelid

Bells palsy, myasthenia gravis (chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in skeletal muscles), horner syndrome (symapethtic nerve supply) damage to CNIII, congenital, muscle weakness d/t aging, Cluster headaches

50
Q

Red reflex

A

response caused by light illuminating the retina. red reflection of light on fundus/back of eye when using opthalmoscope

51
Q

Retina

A

sensory network of the eye that transforms light impulses into electrical impulses, which are transmitted through the optic nerve.

light sensitive tissue that lines the inside of the eye. macular degeneration + diabetic retinopathy = diseasess of retina

52
Q

Retinitis pigmentosa

A

an autosomal recessive disorder in which the genetic defects cause cell death predominantly in the rod photoreceptors

53
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

an embryonic malignant tumor arising from the retina usually during the first 2 years of life.

54
Q

Retinopathy of prematurity

A

disruption of the normal progression of retinal vascular development in a preterm infant.

55
Q

Sclera

A

dense, avascular structure that appears anteriorly as the white of the eye

56
Q

Strabismus

A

condition in which both eyes do not focus on the same object simultaneously, although either eye can focus independently; test corneal light reflex/cover-uncover test

57
Q

Xanthelasma

A

condition characterized by elevated plaque of cholesterol; check for HLD

58
Q

Acute otitis media

A

inflammation in the middle ear associated with a middle ear effusion that becomes infected by bacterial organisms.

Eardrum reddens, bulging = can rupture; conductive hearing loss

Whitish discoloration on membrane, marked erythema, air fluid level, bulging tympanic membrane

tylenol/motrin usually; multiple fever days/recurrent = abx

59
Q

Acute pharyngitis

A

infection of tonsils or posterior pharynx by microorganisms

Red/beefy tonsil, smell = streptococcal
Bacterial = beefy red uvula, palatal petechiae, lymph node, Vascular redness in uvula and pillars
if no fever, no lymph enlargement, no excudate = not likely viral/bacteria

Guideline = rapid antigen testing or throat culture for dx and tx

60
Q

Cerumen

A

earwax.

61
Q

Cheilitis

A

dry, cracked lips

ANGULAR cheilits - radiates from corners of the mouth; give nystatin

62
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

epithelial tissue behind the tympanic membrane that is often the result of untreated or chronic recurrent otitis MEDIA

ENT referral: cause hearing loss, surgical removal

63
Q

Cleft lip and palate

A

common craniofacial congenital malformation; the result of the lip or palate failing to fuse during the embryonic development

64
Q

Cochlea

A

coiled structure in inner ear

65
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

hearing loss resulting from reduced transmission of sound to the middle ear

Weber test - lateralize to impaired ear; Rinne test - BC>AC
hearing improves in noisy place; voice remains soft
Foreign body, tympanosclerosis, otosclerosis, bullous myringitis, otitis media, perforated ear drum

66
Q

Epistaxis

A

nosebleed.

67
Q

Fordyce spots

A

bumps that may appear on the buccal mucosa; ectopic sebaceous glands

68
Q

Frenulum

A

small fold of tissue that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth; is under the tongue

69
Q

Ménière disease

A

disorder of progressive hearing loss; in some cases, has a genetic mode of transmission.

70
Q

Oropharynx

A

area of the throat that is located between the mouth and nasopharynx

71
Q

Ossicles

A

the three tiny bones of the inner ear known as the malleus, incus, and stapes

72
Q

Otitis externa

A

inflammation of the auditory canal and external surface of the tympanic membrane; also called “swimmer’s ear.”
exudate can block TM

P. aeruginosa, staph epidermidis -> abx ear drops, steroid if covered

73
Q

Otitis media with effusion

A

inflammation of the middle ear resulting in the collection of serous, mucoid, or purulent fluid

74
Q

Otosclerosis

A

ossification that results in fixation of the stapes (part of MIDDLE ear ossicles)

75
Q

Peritonsilar abcess

A

deep infection in the space between the soft palate and tonsil

Asymmetric enlargement of tonsil = displacement of uvula

Sore throat, gargled speech all of a sudden/drooling/hard of speech/sitting forward
surgical emergency; SOB
prbly can’t even examine b/c so sick, won’t open

bacterial infection that usually begins as a complication of untreated strep throat or tonsillitis

76
Q

Pinna

A

projecting shell-like structure on the side of the head; auricle. Visible part of ear on outside

77
Q

Presbycusis

A

bilateral sensorineural hearing loss associated with aging.

78
Q

Retropharyngeal abscess

A

life-threatening infection in the lateral pharyngeal space that has the potential to occlude the airway, most commonly occurs in children

79
Q

Rinne test

A

hearing test that compares bone conduction with air conduction of sound

80
Q

Romberg test

A

neurologic test used to screen for equilibrium/cerebellum. Ataxia/loss of motor coordination. Feet together, semi-tandem, tandem vertical w/ eyes open 10sec and then closed 10sec in each position

81
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing impairment that results from a disorder of the ear, aging, damage to cranial nerve VIII/ acoustic neuroma, genetic disorders, systemic disease, inner ear infection, or prolonged exposure to loud noise

82
Q

Sinusitis

A

bacterial infection of one or more of the paranasal sinuses

83
Q

Torus

A

bony protuberance on the midline of the hard palate

84
Q

Uvula

A

conical projection that hangs from the posterior margin of the soft palate

85
Q

Vertigo

A

illusion of rotational movement experienced by a patient; often due to a disorder of the inner ear.

86
Q

Weber test

A

screening test for hearing that tests the lateralization of sound

87
Q

Xerostomia

A

dry mouth

88
Q

Conjunctiva

A

clear, thin membrane that covers part of the front surface of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids

89
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

adrenal gland; high cortisol

red cheeks, hirsutism (male patterned hair growth), obesity, osteoporosis, muscle wasting, moon face

90
Q

Bell’s Palsy

A

Palsy of CN VII

associated w/ herpes virus, acute/fast onset (in 3 wks), asymmetric facial drooping. tx w/ steroids, maybe PT d/t deficit

91
Q

Mastoiditis

A

infection (w/ pus) of the mastoid air cells, Complication of acute otitis media, auricular tenderness/erythema/displaced auricle, refer to ED or ENT

92
Q

Parotitis

A

Painful, inflammation of parotid salivary glands

Usually bacterial S. aureus, or virus as in mumps, or stone

93
Q

Examples of sudden loss of vision (emergency)

A
  • Amaurosis fugax (painless temporary loss of vision in one or both eyes due to a lack of blood flow to the retina)
  • Retinal detachment
  • Vitreous hemorrhage
  • Central retinal artery occlusion
  • Uveitis (inflammation of the middle layer of the eye (uvea)
94
Q

Cornea(l) Arcus

A

old age syndrome, white/grey/blue opaque ring in corneal margin OR white ring in peripheral of iris

95
Q

Argyll robertson pupil

A

bilateral small/irregular pupils that reduce in size on near object (accommodation), but not constrict when exposed to bright light. NO direct constriction but consensual constriction.

96
Q

Stye vs Chalazion vs Dacryocystitis vs Blepharitis

A

Stye = eyelid MARGIN, painful, pus + white on actual bump

Chalazion = not painful; HARD NODULE, benign lipoma
usually hard lump, but can be infected
in the tear gland of eyelid; inside lid, NOT eyelid margin

Dacryocystitis = tear duct infection d/t fluid back up; under the medial canthus (inner corner) near the side of the nose; red/swelling around entire eye seen

Blepharitis = CHRONIC inflammation of eyelid, eyelash follicles; INFECTION of EYELASH DUCT

97
Q

Peripheral vertigo table (5 types)

A

1) Benign positional Vertigo
2) Vestibular neuronitis (labyrinthritis)
3) Meniere’s disease
4) Drug Toxicity
5) Acoustic Neuroma (CN VIII compression), 1 sided hearing impaired, sensorineural loss, benign tumor develops on balance (vestibular) + hearing, OR auditory (cochlear) nerve leading from inner ear to brain

98
Q

Causes of periorbital edema

A

Edema around the eyes

allergies, myxedema/hypothyroid, nephrotic syndrome, localized rxn (like makeup)

99
Q

Acute Iritis

A

immediate referral, emergency
Pupil small/irregular (weird border), cornea cloudy or clear, pain, decreased vision, photophobia, r/t systemic infection (herpes zoster, TB)

100
Q

Tonic pupil/ Adie pupil

A 
pupil large/regular/usually unilateral
reaction to light very reduced or none
blurred vision d/t slow accommodation
near reaction slow but present
deep tendon reflexes decreased
idiopathic, can be d/t tumor/trauma/sx/infection
101
Q

Arteriovenous crossing or nicking

A

When (small artery) arteriole crosses venule (small vein) = compresses vein = vein bulges on either side of crossing

Abnormal; Causes are Retinopathy or pressure (Diabetic, HTN)

102
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

impairment of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) or neuronal impulse

higher tones lost, voice become louder
Weber test - lateralize to good ear; Rinne test - AC>BC
aging, exposure to loud noise, inner ear infection, trauma, acoustic neuroma

103
Q

Exostosis

A

benign, nontender bone outgrowth/bumps in ear canal, seen in swimmers, can lose hearing if too big

104
Q

Serous otitis

A

Most common cause of ear pain (otalgia)
pressure change -> earache
most common cause = Viral upper resp infection (Decongestion like Flonase helps)
Flying

105
Q

Bullous myringitis

A

Painful vesicles on TM
Caused by mycoplasma, viral, or bacterial otitis media
Tx macrolide (abx like azithromycin)

106
Q

Tympanosclerosis

A

healed perforations
Hyaline material deposits after several OM -> Large, chalky white patches w/ irregular margins
cause conductive hearing loss

107
Q

Viral rhinitis vs allergic rhinitis

A

Viral - reddened and swollen mucosa; can be bacterial on top of viral if not get better

Allergic - pale/boggy/swollen turbinates; can be pale/bluish/red; find polyps/allergic shiners (nose line)/ allergic salute (underbags); seasonal itchy/sneeze

108
Q

Nasal polps

A

Chronic inflammation/irritation, usually chronic allergic rhinitis
Pale, semi-translucent masses, usually from middle meatus

109
Q

Septal perforation

A

Hole in nasal septum connecting both sides

causes: trauma, sx, intranasal use of cocaine or amphetamines

110
Q

Geographic tongue

A

benign, scattered areas (patchy) w/ no papillae

111
Q

Smooth tongue

A

smooth/shiny looking
chronic anemia, vitB deficiency
deficient in riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, vitB12, pyridoxine iron, tx w/ chemo

112
Q

Black tongue

A

fungus, yeast build up

113
Q

Grading tonsil sizes

A

1+ = visible
2+ = halfway between pillars and uvula; risk for sleep apnea
3+ = touching uvula
4+ = touching each other usually can’t even see uvula
Normal: 1+ - 2+ Not visible: retracted or removed

114
Q

Karposi sarcoma

A

Cancer that causes patches of abnormal tissue to grow under skin, lymph nodes, mouth/nose/throat

Often w/ Deep purple color lesions; raised or flat
Commonly tumor in ppl w/ AIDS/HIV

115
Q

Herpangina (coxsackie)

A

viral illness, ulcers and lesions (sores) form inside the mouth, and there is sore throat and fever.

same as hand/foot/mouth disease

Fever, headache, Loss of appetite, Sore throat, or painful swallowing,

Advanced Health Assessment (4 decks)

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