Class 2 Penz material Flashcards
What is a literature review
What are the two main goals of the researcher
what is a refereed journal
A systematic and critical appraisal of the most important literature on a topic
- To develop the knowledge foundation for a sound study
- To generate research questions or hypotheses
Refereed journals (peer-reviewed)
What does the researcher do
What kind of sources can they use
What do they modify
What do they interpret and discuss
Examine problems using a theoretical or conceptual framework
Primary versus secondary sources
Research questions and hypotheses
Modify Design and Methods
Interpret and discuss results/findings
What does a nurse researcher do/expected
what do they search
How do they use EIP
Review the literature of answer a clinical question or solve a clinical problem
Search literature widely, gather multiple resources
PICOT
What us PICOT
P (Problem/Patient Population) Who is the specifically defined group of interest?
I (Intervention, assessment, therapy) What intervention or event will be explored?
C (Context, Comparison) Where and what will be compared?
O (Outcome) What is the effect of the intervention?
T (Time) In what time frame?
What is SPIDER
Sample
Phenomenon of interest
Design
Evaluation
Research type
What is a journal, give an example
how many of these examples do you incorporate into your research
Journals- preferred mode of communicating most recent theory and research results
Examples of health-related databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, ERIC, Cochrane library, PSYCINFO
Recommend using at least two health related databases
What is a key word
What is a Boolean operator
Give 4 examples
Key words “finding the right terms”
Defines the relationships between words or groups of words in the literature
‘AND’ ‘OR’ ‘NOT’ and ‘NEAR’ e.g., ‘older adults, assessment AND confusion’
Why critical thinking and reading skills important
You will find it challenging to critique research articles until you gain repeated experience doing so
No perfect critique exists; your interpretation will be based on your current knowledge, experience, and understanding
What are the four critical reading strategies and describe them
- Preliminary understanding
Identifies/clarifies key concepts and terms - Comprehensive understanding
ID Main theme of article, Understand steps of the Rx process - Analysis understanding
- Use of critiquing criteria to evaluate how well study meets each step
- Determine which level of evidence fits the study - Synthesis understanding
Describe study’s strengths and weaknesses, quality of conclusions
What are the 7 level of evidence
Level 1. Systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTS)
-Evidence informed clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews
Level 2
-A well designed RCT
Level 3
-Controlled trial without randomization (quaziexperimental study)
Level 4
-Single nonexperimental study (case control, correlational, cohort studies)
Level 5
-Systematic review of descriptive and qualitative studies
Level 6
-Single descriptive or qualitative study
Level 7
-Opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees
Levels of Evidence: What about qualitative views?
whys it so low?
The concept of levels of evidence tends to dominate the evidence-based practice literature rendering it unclear the merit of qualitative studies.
Levels of Evidence:Assumptions of Hierarchies
Although levels of evidence provided by qualitative studies ranks lower in the hierarchy, as a research consumer you need to consider that qualitative methods are the most effective way to attempt to answer clinical and research questions when little is known or when a new perspective is required
What is a research article?
What does it depend on?
A published study represents a shortened version of the complete work done by the researcher(s)
Much depends on:
- Journal’s space limitations
- Journal’s author guidelines
- The type or nature of the study
- Researcher’s evaluation of the most important component of the study
Steps of the Research Process: Qualitative Study 12
Identification of the phenomenon
Purpose of the study
Literature Review
Design/ Methods
Sample
Legal-Ethical Issues
Data collection procedure
Data Analysis
Findings
Discussion of findings
Recommendation, Limitations, and Implications
References
Steps of the Research Process: Quantitative Study
16
Research Problem
Purpose
Literature Review
Theoretical Framework or Conceptual Framework
Hypothesis/Research Question
Research Design
Sample: type and size
Legal-Ethical Issues
Instruments (measurement tools)
Reliability and Validity
Data Collection procedure
Data Analysis
Results
Discussion of results
Implications, Limitations and Recommendations
References
Abstract
-what is it
Is usually a single paragraph that provides a general reference to the:
- Research purpose
- Research questions and hypothesis
- Methodology or Design
- Findings/Results, and
- Outlines conclusions and implications for practice or future research
Introduction
- does it have a title
- describes what
May or may not have a title
Background picture and highlights the research problem
Significance to practice
Purpose of the study
- describes what
- defined at
Purpose, aim, or objective
Defined either at:
- the end of the initial introduction or
- at the end of the literature review or
- in the description of the conceptual framework
Literature Review
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
5 examples
how are they represented
outlines what
“Review of the Literature,” “Literature Review,” “Theoretical Framework,” “Conceptual Framework,” “Background,”
Sometimes these are merged and some researchers write them as separate sections
This section outlines relevant background information and includes the main concepts to be investigated
Hypothesis or Research Question
Where can you find this
Which type of study does not have these
*Not really in nursing study/research)
Often embedded in the Introduction or Background sections, or may not be labelled at all
If hypotheses are present, whether they were supported or not should be included toward the end of the article
Qualitative studies do not include hypotheses
Research Design or Method
Found where
Is the study which
Can usually be found in the Abstract, Purpose statement, in the Introduction to the “Procedures” or “Methods” section, or not stated explicitly
Is the study qualitative or quantitative?
Methods used to conduct the study
Primary difference between qual and quan is?
Qualitative research seeks to create and give meaning about phenomena
Quantitative research seeks to test hypotheses, compare groups, and/or use statistical analyses to answer research questions
Sample/Sampling
-found where
-Researchers should identify 3
What is a sample
Can tell a lot about the study by the sample
Usually discussed in the methods section under Subjects or Sample.
- population from which the sample was chosen
- number of participants enrolled and rationale for sample size
- whether some subjects dropped out
Sample = who are the participants of the study
Legal-Ethical Issues
-Contain what 4
Ethical approvals for the study
Informed consent
Potential for harm
Some journals include REB approval #
REB = research ethic
boards
Instruments
Reliability and Validity
What does the section contain
Describes what
How is reliability and validity shown
How does qual show its it
Methods, Instruments/Measures section
Describes the particular aspects of the measure (e.g., items, how scored) and should discuss psychometric properties
Reliability/validity of current study (e.g., internal consistency reliability), compare with past studies that used the same measure
Qualitative studies tend to focus on “trustworthiness” to ensure rigor
Procedures and Data- Collection Methods
- Is what
- What question ensures good research
The procedures used to collect data or the step-by-step way the researcher used the measures
E.g., Questionnaire, Interview, Chart review, Observation
Was data collected the same way for each participant?
Data Analysis
Results/Findings
Quantitative ‘Results’- are?
Qualitative ‘Findings’
Quantitative ‘Results’- data analysis AKA statistical analyses conducted and the results of descriptive and inferential tests presented (e.g., chart or table format)
- Are statistical analyses explained in sufficient detail?
- What were the significant or non-significant results?
Qualitative ‘Findings’- The procedures for analysing the themes, concepts, observational, or printed data are described
Discussion
- what is it?
- How do they review it
- When is it combined with others
Researchers tie together all the pieces and present an interpretation of the meaning of the study results as a whole
-Does their interpretation make sense theoretically and/or clinically?
Refer to past literature and compare? How similar or different?, Do they suggest why their results may be different?
Some may combine the Results and Discussion (usually qualitative)
Implications, Limitations, and Recommendations
Are the limitations outlined? What might the results/findings offer: Current practice setting? Education? and/or Further research?
References
Support the material presented
Are the references relevant and up-to-date?
