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nurs 205 > Class 2 Penz material > Flashcards

Class 2 Penz material Flashcards

1
Q

What is a literature review

What are the two main goals of the researcher

what is a refereed journal

A

A systematic and critical appraisal of the most important literature on a topic

  • To develop the knowledge foundation for a sound study
  • To generate research questions or hypotheses

Refereed journals (peer-reviewed)

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2
Q

What does the researcher do
What kind of sources can they use
What do they modify
What do they interpret and discuss

A

Examine problems using a theoretical or conceptual framework

Primary versus secondary sources

Research questions and hypotheses

Modify Design and Methods

Interpret and discuss results/findings

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3
Q

What does a nurse researcher do/expected
what do they search
How do they use EIP

A

Review the literature of answer a clinical question or solve a clinical problem

Search literature widely, gather multiple resources

PICOT

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4
Q

What us PICOT

A

P (Problem/Patient Population) Who is the specifically defined group of interest?
I (Intervention, assessment, therapy) What intervention or event will be explored?
C (Context, Comparison) Where and what will be compared?
O (Outcome) What is the effect of the intervention?
T (Time) In what time frame?

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5
Q

What is SPIDER

A

Sample

Phenomenon of interest

Design

Evaluation

Research type

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6
Q

What is a journal, give an example

how many of these examples do you incorporate into your research

A

Journals- preferred mode of communicating most recent theory and research results

Examples of health-related databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, ERIC, Cochrane library, PSYCINFO

Recommend using at least two health related databases

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7
Q

What is a key word

What is a Boolean operator
Give 4 examples

A

Key words “finding the right terms”

Defines the relationships between words or groups of words in the literature

‘AND’ ‘OR’ ‘NOT’ and ‘NEAR’ e.g., ‘older adults, assessment AND confusion’

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8
Q

Why critical thinking and reading skills important

A

You will find it challenging to critique research articles until you gain repeated experience doing so

No perfect critique exists; your interpretation will be based on your current knowledge, experience, and understanding

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9
Q

What are the four critical reading strategies and describe them

A
  1. Preliminary understanding
    Identifies/clarifies key concepts and terms
  2. Comprehensive understanding
    ID Main theme of article, Understand steps of the Rx process
  3. Analysis understanding
    - Use of critiquing criteria to evaluate how well study meets each step
    - Determine which level of evidence fits the study
  4. Synthesis understanding
    Describe study’s strengths and weaknesses, quality of conclusions
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10
Q

What are the 7 level of evidence

A

Level 1. Systematic review or meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTS)
-Evidence informed clinical practice guidelines based on systematic reviews

Level 2
-A well designed RCT

Level 3
-Controlled trial without randomization (quaziexperimental study)

Level 4
-Single nonexperimental study (case control, correlational, cohort studies)

Level 5
-Systematic review of descriptive and qualitative studies

Level 6
-Single descriptive or qualitative study

Level 7
-Opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees

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11
Q

Levels of Evidence: What about qualitative views?

whys it so low?

A

The concept of levels of evidence tends to dominate the evidence-based practice literature rendering it unclear the merit of qualitative studies.

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12
Q

Levels of Evidence:Assumptions of Hierarchies

A

Although levels of evidence provided by qualitative studies ranks lower in the hierarchy, as a research consumer you need to consider that qualitative methods are the most effective way to attempt to answer clinical and research questions when little is known or when a new perspective is required

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13
Q

What is a research article?

What does it depend on?

A

A published study represents a shortened version of the complete work done by the researcher(s)

Much depends on:

  • Journal’s space limitations
  • Journal’s author guidelines
  • The type or nature of the study
  • Researcher’s evaluation of the most important component of the study
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14
Q

Steps of the Research Process: Qualitative Study 12

A

Identification of the phenomenon

Purpose of the study

Literature Review

Design/ Methods

Sample

Legal-Ethical Issues

Data collection procedure

Data Analysis

Findings

Discussion of findings

Recommendation, Limitations, and Implications

References

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15
Q

Steps of the Research Process: Quantitative Study

16

A

Research Problem

Purpose

Literature Review

Theoretical Framework or Conceptual Framework

Hypothesis/Research Question

Research Design

Sample: type and size

Legal-Ethical Issues

Instruments (measurement tools)

Reliability and Validity

Data Collection procedure

Data Analysis

Results

Discussion of results

Implications, Limitations and Recommendations

References

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16
Q

Abstract

-what is it

A

Is usually a single paragraph that provides a general reference to the:

  • Research purpose
  • Research questions and hypothesis
  • Methodology or Design
  • Findings/Results, and
  • Outlines conclusions and implications for practice or future research
17
Q

Introduction

  • does it have a title
  • describes what
A

May or may not have a title

Background picture and highlights the research problem
Significance to practice

18
Q

Purpose of the study

  • describes what
  • defined at
A

Purpose, aim, or objective

Defined either at:

  • the end of the initial introduction or
  • at the end of the literature review or
  • in the description of the conceptual framework
19
Q

Literature Review
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework

5 examples
how are they represented
outlines what

A

“Review of the Literature,” “Literature Review,” “Theoretical Framework,” “Conceptual Framework,” “Background,”

Sometimes these are merged and some researchers write them as separate sections

This section outlines relevant background information and includes the main concepts to be investigated

20
Q

Hypothesis or Research Question

Where can you find this

Which type of study does not have these

*Not really in nursing study/research)

A

Often embedded in the Introduction or Background sections, or may not be labelled at all

If hypotheses are present, whether they were supported or not should be included toward the end of the article

Qualitative studies do not include hypotheses

21
Q

Research Design or Method

Found where

Is the study which

A

Can usually be found in the Abstract, Purpose statement, in the Introduction to the “Procedures” or “Methods” section, or not stated explicitly

Is the study qualitative or quantitative?

Methods used to conduct the study

22
Q

Primary difference between qual and quan is?

A

Qualitative research seeks to create and give meaning about phenomena

Quantitative research seeks to test hypotheses, compare groups, and/or use statistical analyses to answer research questions

23
Q

Sample/Sampling
-found where
-Researchers should identify 3
What is a sample

Can tell a lot about the study by the sample

A

Usually discussed in the methods section under Subjects or Sample.

  • population from which the sample was chosen
  • number of participants enrolled and rationale for sample size
  • whether some subjects dropped out

Sample = who are the participants of the study

24
Q

Legal-Ethical Issues

-Contain what 4

A

Ethical approvals for the study
Informed consent
Potential for harm
Some journals include REB approval #

REB = research ethic
boards

25
Q

Instruments
Reliability and Validity

What does the section contain

Describes what

How is reliability and validity shown

How does qual show its it

A

Methods, Instruments/Measures section

Describes the particular aspects of the measure (e.g., items, how scored) and should discuss psychometric properties

Reliability/validity of current study (e.g., internal consistency reliability), compare with past studies that used the same measure

Qualitative studies tend to focus on “trustworthiness” to ensure rigor

26
Q

Procedures and Data- Collection Methods

  • Is what
  • What question ensures good research
A

The procedures used to collect data or the step-by-step way the researcher used the measures
E.g., Questionnaire, Interview, Chart review, Observation

Was data collected the same way for each participant?

27
Q

Data Analysis
Results/Findings

Quantitative ‘Results’- are?

Qualitative ‘Findings’

A

Quantitative ‘Results’- data analysis AKA statistical analyses conducted and the results of descriptive and inferential tests presented (e.g., chart or table format)

  • Are statistical analyses explained in sufficient detail?
  • What were the significant or non-significant results?

Qualitative ‘Findings’- The procedures for analysing the themes, concepts, observational, or printed data are described

28
Q

Discussion

  • what is it?
  • How do they review it
  • When is it combined with others
A

Researchers tie together all the pieces and present an interpretation of the meaning of the study results as a whole
-Does their interpretation make sense theoretically and/or clinically?

Refer to past literature and compare? How similar or different?, Do they suggest why their results may be different?

Some may combine the Results and Discussion (usually qualitative)

29
Q

Implications, Limitations, and Recommendations

A 
Are the limitations outlined?
What might the results/findings offer:
Current practice setting?
Education? and/or
Further research?
30
Q

References

A

Support the material presented

Are the references relevant and up-to-date?

nurs 205 (11 decks)

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