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MCAT General Chemistry > Class 2 > Flashcards

Class 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you determine the number of valence e-?

A

Group number on periodic table

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2
Q

how do you determine formal charge?

A

Valence e- - sticks - dots

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3
Q

What are the exceptions to the octet when determining formal charge?

A

H/He have 2e-
Be has 4e-
B has 6e-

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4
Q

How do you determine the hybridization of an atom?

A

2 groups (bond or lone pair)= sp, linear, triple bonds

3 groups= sp2, trigonal planar, double ponds

4 groups= sp3, tetrahedral, single bonds

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5
Q

What happens always when you break a bond?

A

Its always an endothermic process

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6
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

e-s are shared, degree to which they are shared is polar or non polar

  • polar bonds have some ionic character
  • polar bonds tend to be stronger
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7
Q

How is a molecular dipole found?

A

By adding all the bond dipoles

-but done dipoles will cancel symmetric geometries

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8
Q

What is a metallic bond?

A

Bond between metal and metal

-all e- are shared between all metal atoms and are malleable

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9
Q

What is a coordinate covalent bond ?

A

Atoms with lone pairs (Nu- Lewis base) and e- deficient species (E+ Lewis acid)

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10
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A Nu- which donates e-

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11
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Formed between atoms of opposite full charges (cations metals lose e-, anions non metal gain e-)
-e- are localized on the ions and dissociate in aqueous solution as an electrolyte

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12
Q

What are IMF?

A

Forces between molecules when particles of opposite charge attracts each other

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13
Q

What is the strength of the IMF dependent on?

A

Larger charges= stronger attraction force

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14
Q

What is ion dipole forces?

A

Produced between Ions and polar molecules

-larger the ionic charge and dipole the larger the force

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15
Q

What is dipole dipole force?

A

produced between polar molecules no bond dipole

-more polar molecule=stronger force and easily cleaved

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16
Q

What is a dipole induced dipole force?

A

Between polar and non polar, normally in mixtures

-force generated when a polar attracts e- density in a non polar molecule

17
Q

what is LDF?

A

London dispersion forces are between all molecules as long as you have e- you experience this force

  • produced when molecules collide and distort the e- cloud
  • larger size of molecule and more e-=stronger force
18
Q

What is h bonding?

A

produced between very polar molecules formed between donor (NH,OH,FH) and acceptor (NOF). anything else won’t form an h bond

19
Q

What species cant you form a H bond with?

A

Same species

20
Q

What is the order of the relative strengths of the different types of bonds?

A

Ionic> POlar covalent> Nonpolar. covalent>metallic> coordinate covalent

21
Q

What us the order if the relative strength of the different type of IMF?

A

Ion dipole> Hbonding> dipole dipole> dipole induced dipole>London dispersion forces

22
Q

What is enthalpy (H)?

A

energy stored in chemical bonds and attraction forces (IMF)

23
Q

What. is the difference between exothermic and endothermic?

A

Exo= heat released and energy is less in the products

End= heat absorbed and energy is more in products

24
Q

How do you calculate the delta h of rxn?

A

bonds broken -bonds formed

25
Q

What is the delta Hf?

A

energy t form one mol of compound from its constitutive elements in its standard state

26
Q

how do you calculate delta Hf?

A

products -reactants.

27
Q

Is enthalpy independent of path?

A

it is. a state function so independent of pathway

-if reverse direction switch the sign

28
Q

What is entropy (S)?

A

Disorder and potential randomness
S>0 favourable
S<0 unfavourable

29
Q

What is the entropy and enthalpy in going from a solid to gas?

A

Entropy is increasing so its favourable

Enthalpy is decreasing so unfavourable because its endothermic

30
Q

What can increase entropy?

A

Increasing temp

31
Q

What is free energy (G)?

A

Energy present in system to do work

  • exergonic (-) spontaneous and favourable
  • endothermic (+) non-spontaneous and unfavourable
32
Q

What does spontenaiety mean?

A

having a - value of G regardless of rate

33
Q

What is the equation for delta G?

A

H-TS

34
Q

What if H and S have the same sign?

A

then G tis temp dependent

35
Q

What is H and S have different signs?

A

Its not temp dependent it will always be never or always spontaneous

36
Q

What happens if booth H and S are -?

A

Spontaneous at decreased temp

37
Q

What is both S and H are +?

A

Spontaneous at increased temp

MCAT General Chemistry (3 decks)

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