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Brain & Behavior I > Class 2 > Flashcards

Class 2 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What are the major functions of the cell membrane?

A
  • Protect cell
  • Move chemicals in and out
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2
Q

What are cell membranes made from?

A
  • Large protein molecules
  • Lipid bilayer (fatty acids: phosphoglycerides)
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3
Q

What two layers does the cell membrane separate?

A
  • intracellular fluid (cytosol)
  • extracellular fluid (interstitial)
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4
Q

What ions are highly concentrated on the inside of the cell?

A
  • Organic anions (A-)
  • Potassium (K+)
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5
Q

What ions are highly concentrated on the outside of the cell?

A
  • Sodium (Na+)
  • Chloride (Cl-)
  • Calcium (Ca++)
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6
Q

What is the average resting potential?

A

60 - 75 mV

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7
Q

A reduction of the charge separation is called _____.

A

depolarization

(Heading toward zero.)

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8
Q

An increase in the charge separation is called _____.

A

hyperpolarization

(Becoming more negatively charged.)

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9
Q

Describe non-gated (open) ion channels.

A
  • Always open
  • Not influenced significantly by extrinsic factors
  • Maintain the resting membrane potential
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10
Q

Describe gated (closed) ion channels.

A

Open and close In response to specific electrical, mechanical, or chemical signals.

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11
Q

Most K+ channels are (open / closed).

A

open

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12
Q

Most Na+ channels are (open / closed).

A

closed

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13
Q

Most Cl- channels are (open / closed).

A

open

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14
Q

What factors affect movement of ions across membranes?

A
  1. Electrochemical force / ionic flow due to passive force
    • Diffusion force: high to low concentration
    • Electric force: toward opposite charge
  2. Semipermeable membrane
    • Many open channels for K+; half as many for Cl-; fewer for Na+
  3. Na+ K+ pump (some sites: CA++ pump)
    • Active transport of K+ into cell and Na+ out of cell (using biological energy ATP)
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15
Q

absolute refractory period

A

During initial phase of AP, another cannot be fired

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16
Q

relative refractory period

A

During repolarization, larger than normal stimulus (depolarization) can trigger AP

17
Q

Defining characteristics of action potentials

A
  • Wave of depolarization is self-propagated, therefore non- decremental in space or time
  • All-or-None change in potential, large amplitude (70-110 mV) of same magnitude at each point along the axon
  • Brief in duration (1-10 msec)
  • Code for transmission is frequency or rate of impulses (also timing: inter-AP intervals)
18
Q

Steps in the release of NT

A
  1. Impulse streams into terminals, CA++ channels open, CA++ flows into axon terminal
  2. CA++ implicated in release of neurotransmitter-bind with vesicles
  3. Exocytosis
    • Vesicles containing neurotransmitter (NT) move towards active zones in presynaptic membrane of terminals
    • Membrane of vesicle fuses with terminal
19
Q

repeated synaptic inputs close together in time will sum

A

temporal summation

20
Q

synaptic inputs on adjacent parts of membrane occurring close together in time will lead to summation of effect

A

spatial summation

21
Q

A change in the resting potential that results from opening or closing chemically-gated channels altering the flow and transmembrane distribution of a specific ion.

A

Post-Synaptic Potential (PSP)

22
Q

Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential

A
  • Depolarization: break down of the polarized state across membrane (resting potential) resulting from opening NA+ channels or closing K+ channels
  • Increase the likelihood of neural impulse being triggered
23
Q

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential

A
  • Hyperpolarization: increase in resting potential resulting from opening Cl- or K+ channels (or closing Na+)
  • IPSPs decrease the likelihood of an impulse being generated
24
Q

Interaction of receptor site and NT:

fast, direct synaptic process

A

Receptor sites are ion channels that open or close gates as a consequence of interaction with NT. These channels are referred to as

25
Q

Interaction of receptor site and NT:

slow, indirect synaptic process

A
  • Receptor site is not the ion channel; sets up a cascade of events within the membrane that leads to the activation of gated channels.
  • These slow receptors are coupled to G-proteins (guanine nucleotide-binding proteins) which act to set off the series of chemical events (“
26
Q

pinocytosis

A

uptake of NT or components by presynaptic terminal

27
Q

Analytic capabilities of the neuron

(carried out by dendrites and soma)

A
  1. Discern different inputs (EPSP/IPSP; fast/slow synaptic processes)
  2. Add inputs (spatial & temporal summation)
  3. Preference: Location of synapse (proximity of input to initial segment of axon has potential effect)
  4. Decision rule: summation of inputs to determine if AP

Brain & Behavior I (7 decks)

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