Class #18 Socilization in Infancy and Childhood

Question 1

What is behaviorist theory?

Answer 1

Behavior is the product of input-output systems in the brain that can
be modified.
Environmental input -> Perceptual systems -> Innate reflex
pathways -> Behavioural output

Question 2

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 2

Learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition of reward or aversive stimuli.

Question 3

What can be modified with the help of operant conditioning?

Answer 3

Innate Reflex Pathways can
be modified through
operant conditioning.

Modification can change the behavior outcome!

Question 4

Modification of behavior
occurs through….

Answer 4

rewards and punishments!

Question 5

Rewards actually dont really work for:

Answer 5

males

Question 6

Who suggests that “it doesn’t matter if you were born a male or female, individuals could be socialized into being boys or girls, regardless of their sex.

Answer 6

John Money!

Question 7

According to John Money, what are the 2 conditions that need to be met in order to raise an individual as their oppisite sex? ex: raise a boy as a girl

Answer 7

(1) Their genitals had to matched their assigned-gender
(2) If raised in a sex-atypical manner, they could never be told the truth

Question 8

What is intersexuality?

Answer 8

Individuals for whom the various biological parameters that are associated with sex (genitals, gonads, chromomes) are a MIXTURE OF MALE AND FEMALE TYPICAL! ex: Mani Bruce Mitchell

Question 9

Bruce was transformed into a__________

Answer 9

Brenda, a girl due to a circumsition issue. Penile reconstruction not possible at this time.

This was alos known as the John/Joan case.

Question 10

Bruce was transformed into a…..

Answer 10

Brenda, and then he transformed back into a David.

Question 11

What agenda did John money push on Bruce/Brenda/David?

Answer 11

Pyschosexual neutrality

Question 12

What did Bruce’s parents do once his penis was damaged?

Answer 12

They brought the twins to John Money and Money recomended Bruce be raised a girl with testicle removal and female hormones.

Question 13

What did Money believe?

Answer 13

That gender identity was a result of socialization, not biology!

Question 14

Back in Manitoba, the reality for Bruce was sad;

Answer 14

• Despite money’s claims, Brenda NEVER felt like a girl.
  -Spoke, walked, and acted like a boy (all despite her parents trying to socialize her as a girl.
  -Bullied. Was called cave women. attracted to girls.
  -Began fantasizing herself as a boy.

Question 15

Who was John Money enimies with?

Answer 15

Milton Diamond, a biologist who challenged Money’s work.

Question 16

Keith Sigmundson who was he?

Answer 16

Brenda’s psychatrist who knew that Money’s case was 100% wrong.

Question 17

What can we conclude about the Joan/John case?

Answer 17

While rearing plays a role, nature (biology) always wins, no matter how many years of socialization occurs.

Question 18

What is Cloacal exstrophy? (“a more perfect experiment”)

Answer 18

-> Intestine and bladder exposed at
birth. Life threaening condition.
-> Genitals undeveloped
-> Socialized as girls

This situation is different than “Davids” because he was forced to be a girl after 2 years old. This is done at birth.

Question 19

What was the outcomes of Cloacal exstrophy experiment? William Reiner:

Answer 19

Rejection of assigned gender 600,000 times higher than expected.
* Most others socially withdrawn & depressed
* All attracted to women and masculine

Question 20

What is the genetic condition involving absence of
functional enzyme (5-∝ reductase) required
to convert testosterone into 5-∝
dihydrotestosterone?

Answer 20

5-∝ reductase deficeincy in the Domican Republic

Question 21

What are individuals raised as if they are born with 5-∝ reductase deficeincy?

Answer 21

raised as girls!
-> Genital morphology appears female-typical
at birth and throughout childhood

Question 22

5-∝ reductase deficeincy is the deficiancy of an enzyme, what does that enzyme do during development?

Answer 22

The enzyme helps the conversion of male genital development to occur. Without it, conversion is not possible!

Question 24

What is the outcome at puberty for someone who was born with 5-∝ reductase deficeincy?

Answer 24

At puberty, testosterone masculinizes the body and with few exceptions, affected individuals reject their sex/gender of
rearing and go on to identify and behave as men and with few exceptions, all are opposite sex attracted.

These individuals are born male and are male genetically but appear female at birth due to the lack of testosteron ein the womb.

Question 25

What are the individuals in the domican republic called when they have 5-∝ reductase deficeincy?

Answer 25

Guevedoce

Question 26

Remember the issue of teaching homosexual behavior to boys in New Guinea: How the fuck do i forget?
How do they teach it?

Answer 26

Boys (age 7-20) are required to
engage in fellatio (sucking dick) with older male
partners and ingesting their semen
WTF

Question 27

Why is the practice of teaching homosexual behaviors to New Guinea boys necasary in their culture?

Answer 27

This practice is believed necessary for boys to mature physically

Question 28

What is the sexual orientation result of New Guina boys after being forced to engage in homosexaul behavior as kids?

Answer 28

Very few of these boys ever become androphilic (gay) in adulthood.
No shit! If I was forced to suck dick at the young age of 7, I would like women too.

Question 29

What is female erotic plasticity?

Answer 29

refers to the extent to which the sex drive can be shaped by social, cultural and situation factors.

Question 30

Is erotic plasticity sexxually dimorphic?

Answer 30

YES, females exhitbit more erotic plasticity than males.

Question 31

True or false? Females are more likely to experience change in their sexual behavior and feelings over their lives, compared to males?

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

What factors have more effect on female sexuality compared to male sexuality?

Answer 32

social, cultural, and situational factors.

Question 33

Women’s attitude towards sexuality are __________aligned with their actual behavior, compared to men

Answer 33

LESS

Question 34

one or more changes in sexuality or sexual identity?

Answer 34

Sexual fluidity

Question 35

Sexual fluidity was more common
among _______________

Answer 35

bisexual women and ”femme”
lesbians

Question 36

Sexuality fluidity was less common
among _______________

Answer 36

androphilic women and ”butch”
lesbians

Question 37

“Lena had difficulty identifying whether she was more attracted to men
or women. As her peer group became more female-dominated, she felt
her attractions shift more towards women, while her attractions towards men waned. Later, when she entered the male-dominated environment of business school, her attractions shifted away from women and toward men. After she graduated from business school, her social network included a substantial number of women and her sexual attractions shifted accordingly.”

Answer 37

Interesting; Fluidity?

Question 38

what age did “David” lose his penis due to unoreseen circumstances?

Answer 38

8 months old.

Question 39

what does john money beleive?

Answer 39

he believes in psychosexual neutrality at birth

Question 40

-Danny was the feminine little gay boy.
-Jason/Amanda Johnson was born male but was born with clocal exstrophy. “Raised as Amanda but then he transformed back to Jason later on”

Question 41

what is sambia prescribed homosexuality?

Answer 41

This homosexuality involves young boys performing
fellatio on older adolescent boys and takes place in a complex web of beliefs concerning female pollution and the
masculinizing properties of semen. Sambia, whose culture contains a high amount of antagonism between the
genders, believe that a boy must be removed from his
mother at about the age of 9 in order to avoid female
pollution and must start ingesting semen through fellatio

Question 42

what makes Sambia sex culture so interesting?

Answer 42

what has caused so much interest is not the Sambia sexual acts themselves, but rather the fact that nearly all Sambia males shift from
exclusive homosexual behavior to exclusive heterosexual
behavior at a culturally prescribed time.

Question 43

“erotic” “refers specifically to that
which stimulates sexual desire and arousal”

Answer 43

Erotic means you desire the homosexual activities but the boys in Sambia arent employed in erotic activity, but homosexual activity, where there is only activity, no feelings.

Question 44

It appears that __________ and ___________have significant impacts of female sexuality but not much effect on male sexuality.

Answer 44

Religion and education.
(higher educated and less religious women are more erotically fluent compared to less educated, and more religious women.

Question 45

weaker sex motivations lead to……….

Answer 45

greater plasticity!

Question 46

in general, as motivation increases….

Answer 46

plasticity decreases!

Question 47

The stronger the desire,

Answer 47

the less scope for compromise, transformation, or modification.