Class #18 Socilization in Infancy and Childhood Flashcards
What is behaviorist theory?
Behavior is the product of input-output systems in the brain that can
be modified.
Environmental input -> Perceptual systems -> Innate reflex
pathways -> Behavioural output
What is operant conditioning?
Learning process where voluntary behaviors are modified by association with the addition of reward or aversive stimuli.
What can be modified with the help of operant conditioning?
Innate Reflex Pathways can
be modified through
operant conditioning.
Modification can change the behavior outcome!
Modification of behavior
occurs through….
rewards and punishments!
Rewards actually dont really work for:
males
Who suggests that “it doesn’t matter if you were born a male or female, individuals could be socialized into being boys or girls, regardless of their sex.
John Money!
According to John Money, what are the 2 conditions that need to be met in order to raise an individual as their oppisite sex? ex: raise a boy as a girl
(1) Their genitals had to matched their assigned-gender
(2) If raised in a sex-atypical manner, they could never be told the truth
What is intersexuality?
Individuals for whom the various biological parameters that are associated with sex (genitals, gonads, chromomes) are a MIXTURE OF MALE AND FEMALE TYPICAL! ex: Mani Bruce Mitchell
Bruce was transformed into a__________
Brenda, a girl due to a circumsition issue. Penile reconstruction not possible at this time.
This was alos known as the John/Joan case.
Bruce was transformed into a…..
Brenda, and then he transformed back into a David.
What agenda did John money push on Bruce/Brenda/David?
Pyschosexual neutrality
What did Bruce’s parents do once his penis was damaged?
They brought the twins to John Money and Money recomended Bruce be raised a girl with testicle removal and female hormones.
What did Money believe?
That gender identity was a result of socialization, not biology!
Back in Manitoba, the reality for Bruce was sad;
- Despite money’s claims, Brenda NEVER felt like a girl.
-Spoke, walked, and acted like a boy (all despite her parents trying to socialize her as a girl.
-Bullied. Was called cave women. attracted to girls.
-Began fantasizing herself as a boy.
Who was John Money enimies with?
Milton Diamond, a biologist who challenged Money’s work.
Keith Sigmundson who was he?
Brenda’s psychatrist who knew that Money’s case was 100% wrong.
What can we conclude about the Joan/John case?
While rearing plays a role, nature (biology) always wins, no matter how many years of socialization occurs.
What is Cloacal exstrophy? (“a more perfect experiment”)
-> Intestine and bladder exposed at
birth. Life threaening condition.
-> Genitals undeveloped
-> Socialized as girls
This situation is different than “Davids” because he was forced to be a girl after 2 years old. This is done at birth.
What was the outcomes of Cloacal exstrophy experiment? William Reiner:
Rejection of assigned gender 600,000 times higher than expected.
* Most others socially withdrawn & depressed
* All attracted to women and masculine
What is the genetic condition involving absence of
functional enzyme (5-∝ reductase) required
to convert testosterone into 5-∝
dihydrotestosterone?
5-∝ reductase deficeincy in the Domican Republic
What are individuals raised as if they are born with 5-∝ reductase deficeincy?
raised as girls!
-> Genital morphology appears female-typical
at birth and throughout childhood
5-∝ reductase deficeincy is the deficiancy of an enzyme, what does that enzyme do during development?
The enzyme helps the conversion of male genital development to occur. Without it, conversion is not possible!
What is the outcome at puberty for someone who was born with 5-∝ reductase deficeincy?
At puberty, testosterone masculinizes the body and with few exceptions, affected individuals reject their sex/gender of
rearing and go on to identify and behave as men and with few exceptions, all are opposite sex attracted.
These individuals are born male and are male genetically but appear female at birth due to the lack of testosteron ein the womb.
What are the individuals in the domican republic called when they have 5-∝ reductase deficeincy?
Guevedoce
Remember the issue of teaching homosexual behavior to boys in New Guinea: How the fuck do i forget?
How do they teach it?
Boys (age 7-20) are required to
engage in fellatio (sucking dick) with older male
partners and ingesting their semen
WTF
Why is the practice of teaching homosexual behaviors to New Guinea boys necasary in their culture?
This practice is believed necessary for boys to mature physically
What is the sexual orientation result of New Guina boys after being forced to engage in homosexaul behavior as kids?
Very few of these boys ever become androphilic (gay) in adulthood.
No shit! If I was forced to suck dick at the young age of 7, I would like women too.
What is female erotic plasticity?
refers to the extent to which the sex drive can be shaped by social, cultural and situation factors.
Is erotic plasticity sexxually dimorphic?
YES, females exhitbit more erotic plasticity than males.
True or false? Females are more likely to experience change in their sexual behavior and feelings over their lives, compared to males?
TRUE
What factors have more effect on female sexuality compared to male sexuality?
social, cultural, and situational factors.
Women’s attitude towards sexuality are __________aligned with their actual behavior, compared to men
LESS
one or more changes in sexuality or sexual identity?
Sexual fluidity
Sexual fluidity was more common
among _______________
bisexual women and ”femme”
lesbians
Sexuality fluidity was less common
among _______________
androphilic women and ”butch”
lesbians
“Lena had difficulty identifying whether she was more attracted to men
or women. As her peer group became more female-dominated, she felt
her attractions shift more towards women, while her attractions towards men waned. Later, when she entered the male-dominated environment of business school, her attractions shifted away from women and toward men. After she graduated from business school, her social network included a substantial number of women and her sexual attractions shifted accordingly.”
Interesting; Fluidity?
what age did “David” lose his penis due to unoreseen circumstances?
8 months old.
what does john money beleive?
he believes in psychosexual neutrality at birth
-Danny was the feminine little gay boy.
-Jason/Amanda Johnson was born male but was born with clocal exstrophy. “Raised as Amanda but then he transformed back to Jason later on”
what is sambia prescribed homosexuality?
This homosexuality involves young boys performing
fellatio on older adolescent boys and takes place in a complex web of beliefs concerning female pollution and the
masculinizing properties of semen. Sambia, whose culture contains a high amount of antagonism between the
genders, believe that a boy must be removed from his
mother at about the age of 9 in order to avoid female
pollution and must start ingesting semen through fellatio
what makes Sambia sex culture so interesting?
what has caused so much interest is not the Sambia sexual acts themselves, but rather the fact that nearly all Sambia males shift from
exclusive homosexual behavior to exclusive heterosexual
behavior at a culturally prescribed time.
“erotic” “refers specifically to that
which stimulates sexual desire and arousal”
Erotic means you desire the homosexual activities but the boys in Sambia arent employed in erotic activity, but homosexual activity, where there is only activity, no feelings.
It appears that __________ and ___________have significant impacts of female sexuality but not much effect on male sexuality.
Religion and education.
(higher educated and less religious women are more erotically fluent compared to less educated, and more religious women.
weaker sex motivations lead to……….
greater plasticity!
in general, as motivation increases….
plasticity decreases!
The stronger the desire,
the less scope for compromise, transformation, or modification.
